Reptiles

Question 1

2 Groups of Lepidosauria

Answer 1

Sphenodon (tuatara) and Squamata (lizards

Question 2

Lepidosaur Features

Answer 2

Typically quadrupedal
Modified diapsid
Tendency to shed dead skin
Cloacal slit is transverse rather than longitudinal

Question 3

Sphenodontia

Answer 3

aka Rhynochocephalia aka tuatara

lizard-like but have an unmodified diapsid skull, overlapping uncinate processes, no tympanum, no male copulatory organ, and retain parietal eyes

Question 4

Rhynochocephalia Feeding

Answer 4

Special arrangement of teeth (propalineal) allow it to have a diet of mainly inverts, but also small verts)

Question 5

Rhynochocephalia Life Style

Answer 5

Active at night with a lower body temp than normal for lizards. But also bask in the sun during the day.

Most active in warm, wet weather

Only in New Zealand

Live in burrows in coastal forest/shrub)

Question 6

Squamata

Answer 6

Lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians

Question 7

Squamata Traits

Answer 7

Characterized by streptostyly (kinetic movements in the skull permitted by rotation of the quadrate bone)

paired male copulatory organs

modified diapsid

Question 8

Lizard Features lost in Snakes

Answer 8

Specialized wrist and ankle joints (fusion/loss of elements, one axis of flexion)

Gracile limbs

“heel” formed by hooked metatarsal bone of fifth digit

Have determinate growth

Question 9

Streptostyly

Answer 9

Kinetic movement in the skull permitted by rotation of the quadrate bone

Question 10

2 Groups within Reptilia

Answer 10

Lepidosauria and Archosauria

Question 11

2 Groups of Archosauria

Answer 11

Crocodylia and Aves (birds)

Question 12

Convergent Evolution between Pterosaurs and Birds

Answer 12

Loss of teeth, loss of caudal vertebrae, fusion of thoracic vertebrae, developed sternum, pneumatization of long bones, emphasis on visual system, development of patagium for flight

Question 13

2 Groups of Extinct Archosauria

Answer 13

Saurischians (lizard-hipped) include bird ancestors

Ornithischian (bird-hipped herbivores)

Question 14

3 Types of Crocodylian Terrestrial Locoomotion

Answer 14

Belly Craw (basically slithering)

Highstand Walk (up on all four feet, moving like dog)

Gallop (fastest; hast charges and quick water escapes)

Question 15

Crcodylian Symmetrical vs. Asymmetrical Gaits

Answer 15

Symmetrical = walking and trotting

Asymmetrical (excluding alligators) = bounding, galloping

Question 16

Crocodylia Traits

Answer 16

Elongate, toothed jaws
Secondary palate (convergent with mammals)
Osteoderms protect dorsal body
Laterally compressed Tail
4-chambered heart

Question 17

Crocodylian Aquatic Locomotion

Answer 17

Swimming (paddle webbed high legs and move tail to gain speed)

In the open ocean, they let the currents do the work and swim with head and back exposed.

When hunting, they swim slowly with only their eyes and nostrils above the water. They can jump and use their tail to propel themselves through water very rapidly.

Question 18

Crocodylian Reproduction

Answer 18

Internal fertilization (male penis) with external development (lay eggs)

Temperature is the dependent sex determinate.

Females typically guard nests and hatchlings

Question 19

Aves

Answer 19

Birds and their extinct relatives

Question 20

Feathers and Flight Evolution

Answer 20

Evolved in non-avian dinosaurs and inherited by birds for insulation, gliding, and thermoregulation

Question 21

Feather Anatomy

Answer 21

Developed from follicles (infoldings of the surface layer of skin).
Formed of keratin
Calamus anchors feather to the body within sheath
Rachis (central axis)
Barbs branch from the rachis and the barbules hold the barbs of the feather together.
Feathers are laid on tracts on the body called pterylae

Question 22

Pterylae

Answer 22

Distinct tracts on a bird’s body where featehrs are layed out

Question 23

Rachis

Answer 23

Central axis of the feather

Question 24

Barbs and barbules

Answer 24

Barbs are the pieces of a feather that make the bulk and branch off from the rachis. The barbules hold the barbs together.

Question 25

Calamus

Answer 25

What anchors feathers to the body within the sheath

Question 26

5 Types of Feather

Answer 26

Contour Down Semiplumes Filoplumes Bristles

Question 27

Contour

Answer 27

Feathers that cover the surface of the bird in overlapping layers. aka flight feathers “Remex” on the wing “Retrix” on the Tail

Question 28

Down

Answer 28

Thermal insulation feathers Small feathers with a short rachis that lie closest to the skin, have no barbules, and are entirely in form

Question 29

Semiplume

Answer 29

Feathers for thermoregulation and stremlining. Between down and contour with a long rachis but no vein and no barbules (entirely plumulaceous)

Question 30

Filoplume

Answer 30

Sensory feathers. Short, simple with few babrs at the tip. The base is associate with the nervous system and underlie contour feathers mostly on the wings. Provides info on contour feather position

Question 31

Feather Colour is based on…

Answer 31

Pigments (melanins, carotenoids from diet, and porphyrins from metals) and Structure (scattering light by cels of barbs)

Question 32

Flight Muscles per Motion

Answer 32

Downstroke: pectoral major Upstroke: supracoracoideus muscles

Question 33

Avian Features

Answer 33

Bipedal Endothermic Beaks (no teeth) Cranial kinesis One-way flow of lungs

Question 34

Avian Metabolism

Answer 34

Endothermic and homeothermic (maintains relatively constant temp) so they can survive cold enviros, but their metabolism has a high energy cost. Body temp is typically slightly above mammals

Question 35

Bipedalism in BIrds

Answer 35

Inherited from non-avian theropod dinos. Transition to hindlimb locomotion allowed forelimbs to develop as wings Increased rigidity in lumbar and sacral vert column

Question 36

Bird Skull Traits

Answer 36

Large orbit with sclerotic ring Shortened facial region Enlargement of braincase Thinning of bone Looser articulations Premaxilla greatly enlarge to integrate skull kinesis

Question 37

Anatomy the allowed kinetic joints for Cranial Kinesis

Answer 37

Upper jaw (premaxilla) moves independently of neurocranium. Expansion of mouth cavity, Increased force of biting.

Question 38

Birds Respiration Anatomy

Answer 38

2 lungs connected to a trachea and aspiration pump. Membranous air sacs with skeletal connections. Parabronchial system Unidirectional flow Biphasic Breathing

Question 39

Biphasic Breathing

Answer 39

Inhalation1 divides air to lungs and posterior air sac. Exhalation 1 moves air from posterior sacs into lungs, then long air out trachea. Inhalation 2 divides air again, pushing rest of spent air into anterior air sacs. exhalation 2 moves air from anterior sacs to lung air

Question 40

Avian Phylogeny

Answer 40

Aves contains 2 groups: Palaeognathae and Neognathae Neognathae contains Neoaves (most extant birds) and Galloanserae. Galloanserae contains Anseriformes and Galliformes

Question 41

Why do Palaeognathae and Neognathae differ?

Answer 41

Differ in arrangement of the palate (roof of the mouth). Neognath palate allows the skull to be more flexible.

Question 42

Neoaves

Answer 42

Basal group of 9 orders of uncertain placement: Aequonithes (water birds aka penguins, loons, seabirds, storks, and diving birds) Telluraves (landbirds) Australaves (terminal landbird clade aka falcons, parrots, perching birds)

Question 43

Aequornithes

Answer 43

Core Waterbirds penguins, loons, tube-nosed seabirds, storks, diving birds, herons, hoatzin and relatiives

Question 44

Telluraves

Answer 44

core landbirds raptors, owls, trogons, hoopoes, kingfishes, woodpeckers and relatives

Question 45

Australaves

Answer 45

terminal landbird clade falcons, parrots, perching birds