Research & Data Collection

Question 1

Subjective Data

Answer 1

Perceived through client descriptions of feelings, experiences, and perceptions

Question 2

Objective Data

Answer 2

“Facts” related to clients situation

Data that can be observed

Examples: disorientation, failing academics, legal issues, etc.

Question 3

Research Design

Answer 3

Ensures the evidence or data collected enables the research question to be answered

1. Identify & justify the research problem clearly
2. Review previously published literature associated with the problem area
3. Clearly and explicitly specify hypothesis (i.e. research question) central to the problem
4. Effectively describe the data that will be necessary for an adequate test of the hypothesis and EXPLAIN HOW DATA WILL BE OBTAINED
5. Describe the METHODS OF ANALYSIS that will be applied to the data in determining whether or not the hypothesis are true or false

Question 4

Experimental Research

Answer 4

Randomized experiments; randomization of subjects or groups

Question 5

Quasi-Experimental Research

Answer 5

Use of intervention and comparison groups

Assignment to groups is nonrandom

Question 6

Pre-Experimental Research

Answer 6

Study contains intervention group only and lacks comparison/control group

Weakest

Question 7

Single-Subject Research

Answer 7

Aims to determine whether an intervention has the intended impact

Ideal for studying behavioral change exhibited as result of treatment

Can show causal effect between intervention and outcome

Examples:

Pre- & post- test

Single-case Study (AB): comparison of
(A) behavior before treatment [baseline]
(B) behavior after the start of treatment [intervention]

Reversal (ABA)
Multiple Baseline (ABAB)

Flexible, simple, low cost

Low in EXTERNAL VALIDITY d/t small number of participants, limiting ability to GENERALIZE findings to a wider audience

Question 8

Inter-Rater or Inter-Observer Reliability

Answer 8

Assesses the degrees to which the different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon

Question 9

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 9

Assesses the consistency of a measure from one time to another

Question 10

Parallel Forms Reliability

Answer 10

Assesses the consistency of the results of two tests constructed in the same way from the same content domain

Question 11

Internal Consistency Reliability

Answer 11

Assesses the consistency of results across items within a test

Question 12

Face Validity

Answer 12

Examines whether the assessment’s stated aims effectively measure the constructs

Question 13

Content Validity

Answer 13

Examines whether all of the relevant content domains are covered

Question 14

Criterion-Related Validity

Answer 14

Examines whether constructs perform as anticipated in relation to other theoretical constructs

Includes:
Predictive Validity, Concurrent (distinguished) Validity, Convergent (similar) Validity, Discriminant (differ) Validity