1
Q
What change in ethics was made following the Tuskegee syphilis of 1932-72?
A
- National Research Act was passed by US congress in 1974, stating the cost benefit could no longer be used as a justification for unethical practice in medical research
- 400 African American men were infected without being informed
2
Q
What change in ethics was made following the Nazi medical experiments?
A
- developed a code called the Nuremberg Code after the trials
- specified the limits of the powers of the researchers under these circumstances to ensure that human rights were protected
3
Q
What are the APA principles?
A
- A: beneficence and non-maleficence (psychologists strive to benefit those who they work with and do no harm, seek to safeguard people’s welfare)
- B: fidelity and responsibility (psychologists establish relationships of trust with those they work with, are aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to the communities they work in)
- C: integrity (psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty and truthfulness in science, teaching and practice of psychology)
- D: justice (psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access and benefit from contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures and services being conducted)
- E: respect for people’s rights and dignity (psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality and self-determination)
4
Q
What are the BPS principles?
A
- respect (psychologists value dignity and worth of all persons with particular regard to people’s rights including those of privacy and self-determination)
- competence (psychologists value the continuing development and maintenance of high standards of competence)
- responsibility (psychologists value their responsibilities to clients, general public and profession and science of psychology, includes avoidance of harm)
- integrity (psychologists value honesty, accuracy, clarity and fairness in their interactions with all)
5
Q
What are researcher-participant relations?
A
- investigators have responsibility to protect participants from physical and mental harm
- participants shouldn’t be exposed to risks that are greater than everyday lives
6
Q
Definition of informed consent?
A
- consent must be explicit when participants are recruited from ‘special groups’ based on race, beliefs/opinions, health, sex life etc
- consent has to be unambiguous, freely given, specific, can have no silence/opt-out
7
Q
Definition of deception?
A
- withholding information or misleading participants
- intentional act in which senders knowingly transmit messages to foster a false belief/interpretation
- should be able to justify the use of deception as essential
- participants should be provided with any necessary information to complete their understanding of the nature of the research
- usually involves a written statement of the purpose of the research
8
Q
What’s ethical approval?
A
- all research must be granted before data collection begins
- Track A (non-interventionist methods, no ethical concerns, applications reviewed by chair of PREC or member)
- Track B (ethically sensitive methods/subject, applications are reviewed by chair of the PREC pr committee member, require substantially more documentation)
9
Q
What may be unethical in the handling of data?
A
-questionable research practices may not be fraud exactly but produce a favourable outcome for the researchers so is unethical
10
Q
What are questionable research practices?
A
- failing to report all dependent measures
- collecting more data after discovering significance
- not reporting all conditions
- stopping collection of data because it reached favourable conclusion
- reporting studies that worked
- claiming to have predicted an unexpected finding
- claiming results aren’t affected by demographics when they are
11
Q
What are ethics in writing research papers?
A
- overarching principle of authorship should reflect contributions made
- it’s not acceptable to include people as authors who didn’t contribute, and insisting on being lead author because of being a senior despite the actual size of contribution made
12
Q
What are researcher-researcher relations?
A
- between researchers and their colleagues
- collaborations involve interactions between people with different power and status
- relations should be appropriate, respectful, professional etc
13
Q
What are practitioner-client relations?
A
- maintain appropriate and professional relations
- maintain clearly defined roles
- only practice within own areas of expertise
14
Q
What are researcher-society relations?
A
-principles apply to how researchers interact with society at large
