research methods

Question 1

Name and explain the 3 alternative ways to gain consent other than informed consent

Answer 1

1. Presumptive consent- gaining consent from people of similar backgrounds to the ppt in the study, it’s deceptive as it’s assuming the actual ppt is willing to take part
2. Prior general consent- agreeing to be deceived without knowing when or how, but it may affect their behaviour if they know they will be deceived
3. Retrospective consent- asking after for consent, they might have no consented and yet they have already taken part

Question 2

define cost-benefit analysis

Answer 2

a systematic approach to estimate the pos and neg of any research IF the findings out weigh the time and cost of the experiment

Question 3

list the 4 primary ethical principles

Answer 3

1. Respect
   2.Competence
2. Responsibility
3. Integrity

Question 4

define IV and DV

Answer 4

IV- is the variable that is manipulated
DV - is the variable that is measured

Question 5

define what an Extraneous variable (EV) is
and the 3 different types of EV

Answer 5

Any variable apart from the IV which Could have an influence on your findings that isn’t controlled
It can affect the DV and make it look as through there was an effect
1. Situational variables- found in the environment = lighting, weather
2. Participant Variables- do with with a person= demand characteristics, social desirability (please you effect), Indiv differences (mood)
3. Experimenter variables- subtle cues given by research may influence the ppts response (tone of voice)

Question 6

define confounding variables

Answer 6

An EV that has not been controlled, having an actual direct impact on the findings = a confounding variable

Question 7

list the 4 types of experiments and an example study

Answer 7

Laboratory experiment- controlled env – Peterson and Peterson duration of STM
Field experiment- an environment natural to ppts– Piliavin et al Good Samaritan NYC
Natural experiment- a natural environment IV is naturally occurring– Yuille and Cutshall EWT
Quasi Experiment- A naturally occurring IV is a difference that already exists (gender, age)

Question 8

strength and weakness of types of experiments

Answer 8

Lab- s- easy to replicate as it is highly controlled eg peterson and peterson. it is replicable
w- setting is artificial and lacks egological validity eg peterson and peterson, wouldnt occur in real life
Field- s- it lowers the chances of demand characteristics as they aren’t aware eg Piliavian et el NYC

Question 9

what is meant by peer review

Answer 9

Peer review is a process before research is published to a journal by another expert in that field, in order to ensure it is high quality and will accurately present and contribute to it’s field of research.

Question 10

list the 3 step process of peer review

Answer 10

• An independent assessment by an expert in the same field
• reviewing it before it is published to a journal
• the review is anonymous

Question 11

list the 5 key aims/purposes for peer review

Answer 11

1. main purpose is to provide recommendations of how research can be revised if not ready for it to be published
2. check the validity of the research specifically the methods and ensure accurate presentation of the results
3. Check for originality and assess it’s significance to the wider society, making sure it is generalisable and applicable
4. to inform allocation of funding
5. Research is appropriate, ensuring no corners were cut