Research Methods 2

Question 1

What are the types of survey?

Answer 1

Questionnaire and interview

self administered and interviewer administered

Question 2

What are surveys often used for?

Answer 2

operationalising physcological constructs

Question 3

What is the purpose of surveys?

Answer 3

Informnation gathering (split into exploratory and descriptive) and theory testing & building (split into explanatory and predictive)

Question 4

what are the types of information gathering in surveys?

Answer 4

Exploratory: exploring how a situation made people feel for example
descriptive: e.g. no. of students enrolled in different courses across the university

Question 5

What are the different types of theory testing and building:

Answer 5

exploratory: explain phenomena that gives rise to patterns
predictive: measuring realtionships between variables e.g. can the age a couple gte together predict their future happiness?

Question 6

state vs trait

Answer 6

state fluctuates but traits dont

Question 7

Why should you try not make a new questionnaire when one already exists for what you’re measuring?

Answer 7

• can use one thats been tried and tested before
• can then directly compare results
• saves time

Question 8

whats are jangles?

Answer 8

when you think you are measuring somethingnew but are actually measuring something we already know
e.g. yo uthink your measurin ewmotional intelligence but are actually just measuring emotions

Question 9

what are jingles?

Answer 9

when you think you are measuring one thing but actually are measuring 2 with 1 survey/questionnaire

Question 10

what is piloting?

Answer 10

give your questionnaire to a small sample of people and give you feedback so you can

• see if there are any questions which are redunant/irrelevant,
• see if there are any questions thye left out coz its particularly confusing or sensitive
• if there were any questions they didnt understand properly

Question 11

General guide lines for questionnaire writing:

Answer 11

-keep it short
-make sure its understandable (reader level 2)
-provide appropriate response options
avoid Ps having to chose between more than 1 correct answer or no correct answers

Question 12

What questions should you start your questionnaire?

Answer 12

Demographic data collection. but only denographic characteristics that are relevant to your study

Question 13

Advantages to open questioning:

Answer 13

• Can get responses you would never have expected
• provides more detail
• dont impose assumptions

Question 14

What are disadvantages to open questions?

Answer 14

• longer and more difficult to analyze

- longer and more difficult to complete

Question 15

what are the advantages of closed questionnaires?

Answer 15

• quick to complete
• easy to analyse
• standardised response

Question 16

what are the disadvantages of closed questionnaires?

Answer 16

• can impose assumptions

- oversimplify complex issues

Question 17

writing question guidelines:

Answer 17

• avoid double barrelled questions
• avoid ambiguous questions
• avoid double negatives (neg in question and in response as well as just in q)
• no leading questions please
• avoid technical terms

Question 18

How to avoid response bias?

Answer 18

Social desirability effects:
-P responds in a positively bias way
-Identify with a lie scale
plant questions that you can spot if theyre lying (e.g. no matter who I’m talking to I’m always a good listener. if they respond def true you have to exclude their data).

Response acquiescence:

• people tend to agree rather than disagree
• need to include both positively and negatively worded Q

Question 19

How to maximise response rates:

Answer 19

• keep short
• keep clear and simple
• including a pre paid envelope with postal surveys
• send a reminder
• offer an incentive

Question 20

What a rating scale and what it used for?

Answer 20

• give them a statement and ask them to rate how much they agree
• measuring attitudes

Question 21

What is a dichotomus rating scale?

Answer 21

give them just 2 response options

Question 22

What is a multichotomous rating scale?

Answer 22

Give them several response options and they have to chose either one or multiple responses
(e.g. whats best revision? wtching podcasts. reading books. making notes…)

Question 23

Whats a ranking scale?

Answer 23

Give them several situations they have to rank in order of e.g. which makes them the most anxious/is most important

Question 24

What is a likert scale?

Answer 24

Give them several statements and make them choose from one response
e.g. winter is coming
1 2 3 4 5
(1= strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree)
-important to balance positive and negative statements
-remember to reverse score neg statements (so 5 =1 point)
dont have to include a neutral response
too many response items (numbers) will give low reliability

Question 25

Graphic rating scale

Answer 25

mark a point along a line to show agreement/disagreement | distance is measured after

Question 26

Non verbal rating scale

Answer 26

no words needed. just point at the smiley/frowny face

Question 27

semantic differential scale

Answer 27

the olympic games were: | valuable_:_:_:_:_:_:wasteful

Question 28

scale questionnaries: considerations

Answer 28

internal consistenc7y. All questions should be pointing toward the same construct. If you have a P who scores highly on all Qs and thn really low in 1 take it out coz its not asking the right thing. Balance - neg and positively worded questions

Question 29

what is construct validity?

Answer 29

Does the construct we're trying to measure actually exist? should be measured over time in short term can be measured by convergent and divergent validity.

Question 30

what are theics?

Answer 30

systemising, defending and providing standards by whihc behaviour can be judged right or wrong

Question 31

normative ethics:

Answer 31

the practical task of attiving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong

Question 32

johnosn and turner 1939

Answer 32

stuttering experiment: children induced to stutter by pointing out all flaws in their speech

Question 33

why wasnt the stuttering experiment okay?

Answer 33

harm done and orphans werent willing volunteers..no consent given

Question 34

what is consequentialism?

Answer 34

arguing that end justifies the means.

Question 35

What is utilitarianism?

Answer 35

emphasises the role of pleasure and happiness as a consequence of our actions. as long as it makes majority of the population happier its all good....this doesnt favour minorities..should lean towards liberty and freedom instead of happiness

Question 36

what is dentology?

Answer 36

certain acts are right or wrong in themselves, not necessarily in terms of their consequences. treat each person as an end not as a means to an end - kant

Question 37

phsycological egoism

Answer 37

- self oriented interests ultimately motivate all human actions No such thing as a selfless good deed

Question 38

Organisations involved in ethics guidelines

Answer 38

WHO - medical research BPS -Psychological research UREC - Manchester uni research

Question 39

What is the BPS code of conduct?

Answer 39

- dont bring the profession into disrepute - hold interest and welfare of Ps in highest - Ensure interests of Ps always safe guarded

Question 40

What are the BPS 4 moral principles?

Answer 40

-respect for dignity and autonomy of Ps -Scientific value -social responsibilty Maximising benefit and minimising harm

Question 41

BPS 4 moral principles: Respect for dignity and autonomy of Ps

Answer 41

- should volunteer, can leave (Ps not Ss) - respect race/gender etc - privacy - tell them what its about

Question 42

BPS 4 moral principles: Scientific value

Answer 42

- make sure you've really thought about confounds etc so your results have value - accountanbility for research quality

Question 43

BPS 4 moral principles: social responsibilty

Answer 43

- research should be about doing good - purpose of research - awareness of outcomes (predicted and unexpected) - Acknowledge limitations (of techniques e.g. lie detectors) - changing behaviour should be to promote good

Question 44

BPS 4 moral principles: Maximising benefit and minimising harm

Answer 44

-assess and identify risks (risk shou.d be no more than a P would encounter in their everyday life) -put in place measures to mange and minimise risks

Question 45

Main ethical issues to consider: (7)

Answer 45

- risk - valid consent - confidentiality - giving advice - deception - debriefing - professionalism

Question 46

Risk definition: | responsibilities:

Answer 46

Potential physical or psychological harm, discomfort or distress Identify potential risks, develop protocols for management and inform P of risk

Question 47

More then minimal risks comes from:

Answer 47

- Vulnerable groups (disabilities, children) - Sensitive topics (inform Ps before they come what they need to do/discuss beforehand) - Significant deception - Access to personal or confidential information - Access to sensitive data via 3rd parties - Psychological stress, anxiety, humiliation - Invasive interventions or more than minimal pain (e.g. how do ppl change when v. thirsty) - Potential impact on employment or social standing (what if an employer asks you to carry out on their employees...what are their motives?) - Labelling by researcher or participant (especially with children) Ps can do it by the way their answering questions (am I autistic...?)

Question 48

What are the two stages to getting informed consent? | What does the Participant information form describe?

Answer 48

- Instructing the P about the nature of the study - Obtaining their written agreement to take part (excpetions: public records) 1. the nature of the study 2. any procedural risks/inconveniences 3. procedure for ensuring anonimity 4. voluntary nature of the study and right to withdraw (let them with no prejudice or reason, inform them when it will no longer be possible to wihdraw)

Question 49

Anonimity vs confidentiality:

Answer 49

-A -online stuidy where you dont take any personal details from a P - as soon as submitted cant be withdrawn C-name not left on their results-they're given a code and that code is used for their data and the linbke between thier name and code is locked away Cannot be A if you have any face to faceness conducting

Question 50

With confidential data..when are you allowed to divulge it to an outside source?

Answer 50

Only if you have identified what threatening info you could uncover (e.g brain tumor in fMRI) and agreed with the P beforehand what ou will do with it if you find it (pass onto GP)

Question 51

When should you gove advice to Ps after a study?

Answer 51

-If its intrinsic to the study -if its been agreed beforehand -if its been subjected to an theics review in advance Finding unexpected issues: -Duty to inform participant IF failing to do so endangers the participants future wellbeing -BUT Should identify risk of such evidence emerging (off the autism scale doesnt count) -Never give advice thats outside your scope

Question 52

What are the two types of deception?

Answer 52

Commission and omission

Question 53

What is commission deception?

Answer 53

actively misleading

Question 54

What is ommission deception?

Answer 54

Withold some details of hypothesis e.g. can only observe ppl in public places where they would expect to be observed in normal life...otherwise not telling them is deception by ommission

Question 55

When can you use deception?

Answer 55

When there is strong scientific merit and there is no other way to achieve valid results -if the P wont be upset by the decepetion

Question 56

What is accidental deception?

Answer 56

- P misunderstands what is required in the study - misrepresentations about amount of time required - experimental 'extras' that arent explained to the P before obtaining consent

Question 57

What is debriefing?

Answer 57

When Ps are decieved, they should be fully informed of the full details of the study so you can obtain informed consent at the earliest possible moment. and offer withdrawal. -attempt to decrease any effects of any stress inflicted on the Ps

Question 58

What does professionalism entail?

Answer 58

-Researchers must report their findings with honesty and accuracy theres a problem with ppl wanting findings that tell us something coz otherwise wont get published -Must not plagiarise

Question 59

What should a P expect from a study?

Answer 59

``` PRE STUDY: -info about purpose/risks/rewards -opp to ask questions DURING STUDY: -Right to withdraw -no unexpected risks POST STUDY: Debrief -right to withdraw -opp to ask questions or see results (usually grouped results) ```