1
Q
What does the CRAAP acronym stand for?
A
Currency
Relevance
Authority
Accuracy
Purpose
2
Q
What is the “blueprint” of quantitative research that links independent and dependent variables?
A
Research design
3
Q
Which experimental design allows participants to serve as their own controls by exposing them to multiple conditions in random order?
A
Crossover design
4
Q
What is a disadvantage of Solomon Four-group design?
A
It requires a large sample and a lot of resources
5
Q
What is tacit knowledge?
A
Knowing how
6
Q
What is explicit knowledge?
A
Knowing what?
7
Q
What is realism?
A
An ontological belief that there is one knowable truth
8
Q
What is deductive reasoning?
A
General theory to specific observation
9
Q
What is inductive reasoning?
A
Specific observation to general theory
10
Q
What sort of reasoning does Sherlock Holmes use?
A
Inductive reasoning
11
Q
What is a retrospective case-control study design?
A
Linking present outcomes to causes in the past. Often features “case” (current outcome) and “control” (no current outcome) groups
12
Q
What is an ecological study design?
A
Looking at groups of people to determine prevalence/exposure rates
13
Q
What is bracketing?
A
Identifying and withholding one’s preexisting beliefs to remain open to the participants’ experience
14
Q
What is an emic perspective?
A
An “insider” view. i.e. how members of a group perceive their own world
15
Q
What is theoretical sampling?
A
Choosing participants based on gaps in emerging theory
16
Q
What is theoretical saturation?
A
When new participants aren’t providing any new themes
17
Q
What is constructivism?
A
A research paradigm wherein there is no one-truth. Relies on inductive reasoning
18
Q
What is the research design?
A
The study blueprint, the overall plan for the research
19
Q
What is a cross-sectional study design?
A
The opposite of longitudinal design, one where data comes from a single point in time
20
Q
What is positivism?
A
A research paradigm wherein there is one, objective truth. Relies on deductive reasoning
21
Q
True or false: The following is considered research
“An inquiry based on feelings or ‘how things have always been done’
A
False
Research is systemic and evidence based, not based on hunches, feelings, or traditions
22
Q
A single study can be at what level of evidence strength, max?
A
Level 4 max
23
Q
What level of evidence is a systematic review of experimental studies?
A
Level 1
24
Q
What level of evidence is a meta-analysis of experimental studies AND quasi-experimental studies?
A
Level 2
25
What level of evidence is an integrative review of experimental studies AND quasi-experimental studies?
Level 3
26
What level of evidence a single, experimental study (i.e. a randomly controlled study)?
Level 4
27
What level of evidence is a single quasi-experimental study?
Level 5
28
What level of evidence is a meta-analysis of of correlational studies?
Level 6
29
What level of evidence is an integrative review of correlational and descriptive studies?
Level 7
30
What level of evidence is qualitative research meta-synthesis and meta-summaries?
Level 8
31
What level of evidence is a single correlational study?
Level 9
32
What level of evidence is a single qualitative or descriptive study?
Level 10
33
What level of evidence is the opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical evidence?
Weak
34
What is epistemolgy?
The study of knowledge, including how we gain it and what counts as knowledge
35
In what decade did nursing research begin to grow alongside graduate programs?
60s
36
Who was the first pioneer of nursing?
Rufaida al Aslamia
37
What is the purpose of CRAAP evaluation?
To assess a source's credibility
38
True or false: The CRAAP test is used to make evidence-based practice decisions
False
39
What is a phenomenon?
A fact, pattern, event, or situation observed to exist. Especially when the cause is unknown
40
Why is a Google search not considered research?
It is not a systemic or scientific investigation
41
What are the goals of nursing research?
1. Develop knowledge
2. Advance the profession
3. Benefit society
42
What is research evidence?
Systematically gathered, critically appraised information derived from scientific research
43
What is evidence-based practice based on?
1. Research evidence
2. Practitioner expertise
3. Patient values
44
What is the goal of evidence-based practice?
To bring about change to improve pt outcomes
45
What is quality improvement?
A structured, internal effort to improve processes and systems in healthcare
46
How does research design improve confidence in results?
By limiting the influence of confounding variables by means of control
47
Which feature of quantitative design is used specifically to reduce expectation bias?
Blinding
48
What is another name for the independent variable?
Predictor variable
49
What is the formal definition of the hypothesis?
A prediction about the relationship between 2 or more variables
50
Why do qualitative researchers avoid formal hypotheses?
Qualitative research aims to be guided by participants' viewpoints rather than researcher hunches/predictions
51
What are the components needed for true experimental design?
1. Randomization
2. Control
3. Intervention
52
What is the purpose of randomization in an experiment?
To make all groups equal except for the intervention
53
What is intervention fidelity?
The degree to which the treatment was actually delivered and received as planned
54
What is the formal definition of placebo?
A pseudointervention presumed to have no therapeutic value
55
What is pre-test/post-test control group design?
Test at baseline, test after intervention
56
What is after-only design?
Data only collected after intervention
57
What is Solomon four-group design?
Two pre AND post groups and two post-only groups
58
What is quasi-experimental design?
Research design lacking either randomization or control groups
59
What is a counterfactual?
A theoretical (or real if sample allows) group that represents what would happen to the experimental group if they were not exposed to the intervention
60
What is delayed treatment?
A type of control group condition where the control group does not receive the intervention right away
Also called "wait listed"
61
What makes a study quasi-experimental as opposed to non-experimental?
The presence of an intervention
62
What are the steps of the research process?
1. Define problem
2. Establish research question
3. Plan and design study
4. Collect data
5. Analyze and interpret findings
6. Disseminate results
63
What are the steps in evidence based practice?
1. Identify problem
2. Search for best evidence
3. Perform CRAAP test
4. Apply change to practice
5. Evaluate change
64
What are the steps in evidence based practice (as the 5 A's)?
1. Ask
2. Access
3. Appraise
4. Apply
5. Assess
65
What are the types of research traditions?
Quantitative or qualitative
66
What does PEO stand for?
Population
Exposure
Outcome
67
What does PICOT stand for?
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Time
68
What are the ontological beliefs?
Research paradigms
Positivism and Constructivism
69
What are research paradigms?
Ontological beliefs
Positivism and Constructivism
70
If a study is poorly supported, what component of CRAAP is failed?
Accuracy
71
What is reflexivity?
Questioning one's own influence and biases
72
Are cohort studies quantitative or qualitative?
Quantitative
73
What are key informants?
Members of a culture being studied in ethnographic study
74
Which ontological perspective is associated with positivist research paradigm?
Realist
75
Which ontological perspective is associated with constructivist research paradigm?
Relativist
76
What is relativism?
An ontological belief that there are multiple, subjective truths
77
What are the research paradigms?
Constructivism and positivism
78
What are the research traditions?
Quantitative and qualitative
79
Which research tradition aims to generate results that are widely generalizable?
Quantitative research
80
What is the testing threat?
The effect of a pretest on subsequent post-test (like testing with Neurotracker)
81
What is the history threat?
External events co-occurring with the independent variable, becoming confounding variables
82
What is the biggest risk in quasi-experimental design?
Selection bias - groups may differ in ways other than the intervention
83
What is construct validity?
Does the dependent variable really measure the intended concept?
84
What is concurrent design?
In mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative data are collected at the same time
85
What is sequential design?
In mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative data are collected one after another
86
What is convergent parallel design?
In mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative data are collected at the same time and data converges on the truth
87
What is explanatory design?
Quantitative, then qualitative
88
What is exploratory design?
Qualitative, then quantitative
89
What ontology is two-eyed seeing?
Relativism
90
What are the key features of two-eyed seeing?
Self-determination
Community engagement
Capacity building
Empowerment
91
What is sequential design?
One type of study which informs a follow-up study
92
What is concurrent design?
Two types of studies running at the same time
93
What is explication?
Using one method to clarify or explain findings of another method
94
What is pragmatism?
An aspect of mixed-methods design that emphasizes problem-solving and using whatever approach best answers the question
95
What is a defining characteristic of community-based participatory research (CBPR) that distinguishes it from traditional research?
CBPR is capacity driven and aims to facilitate the development of skills and resources within a community
96
What is triangulation?
Comparing different data sets on the same topic
97
What aligns photovoice with community-based participatory research (CBPR)?
Photovoice is empowering and allows participants to control the narrative
98
What is the difference between exploratory and explanatory research design?
In exploratory design, qualitative comes first, then quantitative (ex. an interview followed by a survey based on the interview)
In explanatory design, quantitative comes first, then qualitative (ex. a survey, and then an interview asking why people answered the survey)
99
What is Plan-Develop-Study-Act?
A quality-improvement model that focuses on iterative cycles to improve internal organization processes
100
When are scoping reviews appropriate?
When a topic is broad or emerging
101
What is citation analysis?
A method of studying how often works are cited
102
What is an umbrella review?
A systematic review of systematic reviews
103
What are the 6 R's of decolonizing research?
Respect - regard rights, feelings, traditions of Indigenous peoples
Relevance - connect to priorities of Indigenous peoples
Responsibility - be accountable for the people put into your trust
Reciprocity - give something back
Relationship - ground in Indigenous relationship with land, ancestors, community
Representation - Indigenous people part of research
104
What is meta-analysis?
Quantitative integrative review + calculating effect size
105
What is meta-synthesis?
Qualitative integrative review + calculating effect size
106
What is methodologic research?
Research focusing on the development, validation, and evaluation research tools and instruments
107
What is an integrative review?
A review that brings together evidence from a wide variety of sources
108
What is a limitation of narrative review?
Selection bias, since narrative reviews use a flexible search process and lack strict requirements for transparency
109
What is one definition of internal validity?
How well a study was conducted (does the study make sense? Does it follow proper procedures?)
110
What is external validity?
Can the study results be transferred to the real world?
111
What is another definition of internal validity?
Internal validity is the extent that the independent variable is assumed to cause the outcome
112
What is temporal ambiguity?
A question of whether the experimental or control variable came first
113
What is selection bias?
Bias as a result of the sampling process
114
What is history bias?
Confounding variable resulting from other things happening at the same time
115
What is maturation bias?
A confounding variable where time has an effect on the dependent variable
116
What does the PDSA model stand for and what is it?
Plan
Do
Study
Act
It is a model of quality improvement
117
What is evaluation research?
Research that explores program effectiveness and function
118
What is process analysis?
A type of evaluation research that explores how a program is implemented
119
What is economic analysis?
A type of evaluation research that explores program cost/benefits
120
What is impact evaluation?
A type of evaluation research that explores program effectiveness
121
What is OCAP and what does it stand for?
A guiding principle surrounding Indigenous research data
Ownership
Control
Access
Possession
122
What are uses and indications for mixed methods research?
Instrument development
Intervention development
Hypothesis generation and testing
Theory building and testing
Explication (clarifying)
123
What is the difference between a systematic and integrative review?
Systematic reviews are highly focused and structured, integrative reviews are more lenient and use various types of studies
124
What is embedded design?
One data type acting as a supporting role within a larger study of a different type. It is NOT a type of sequential design
125
What is the difference between ownership and possession?
Possession is the physical possession, ownership is what is done with data
126
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Placebo effect
127
What are the rough steps of a Delphi survey?
Identify - Develop - Pilot - Distribute
IDPD
"I doth protest Delphi"
128
Constructivism is to ______, as positivism is to ______
(Relativist, realist)
Constructivism is to relativism, as positivism is to realist
129
What are the three components of assessing health care quality?
Structure-Process-Outcome
130
What is the difference between Quality Improvement research and Evaluation research?
Quality Improvement is specific to a setting while Evaluation research is broad
131
What is credibility?
A qualitative term: does the research describe the phenomenon from the participants' eyes?
132
What is transferability?
A qualitative term: external validity
133
What is dependability?
A qualitative term: is the study repeatable?
134
What is confirmability?
A qualitative term: is the study objective?
135
What is authenticity?
A qualitative term: does the research show a range of different realities?
