Wudnt
Introspection
Used a stimuli (ticking) and asked participants to report their experiences by looking inwards at their thoughts and feelings
Analysed responses for consistent themes
Pavlov
Behaviourist
Food (ucs) -> salivate (ucr)
Bell -> no response
Bell (cs) + food (ucs) -> salivate (ucr) x multiple
Bell (cs) -> salivate (cr)
Little Albert- Watson and Raynor
Behaviourist
not scared of animals but scared of loud noise
Researchers tried to condition him to be scared of white rats
Every time he touched a white rat loud noise was made
Albert became scared of all furry animals due to generalisation
Skinner
Behaviourist- pos
Positive reinforcement
Rat moves around cage
Accidentally presses his lever
Food is released and rat presses it again a few times then stops
Rat gets hungry and presses leave for food
Skinner
Behaviourist- neg
Negative reinforcement
Rat in cage and floor shocks its feet
Learned that pressing the lever stops shocks
Bandura Ross and Ross
Social learning theory
Tested 36 girls and 36 boys for aggression pretested them for aggression levels using match pairs
Split kids into three groups- shown aggressive model, non-aggressive model, no model
-Aggression arousal- told kids only the best can play with toys and you’re not the best
-Children who watched aggressive model imitated unique aggression and went a step further
Boys, more aggressive than girls
More likely to imitate behaviour of the same sex
Bandera and Walters
Social learning theory
Same as banjo Ross and Ross
But children shown aggressive video
One model rewarded at the end one punished and one had no consequence
The most aggressive children watch the model be rewarded- vicarious reinforcement
Children least likely to imitate behaviour when model was punished- by vicarious punishment
Alkers
Strength of social learning theory
Suggest criminal behaviour is more likely when exposed to criminal role models who they identify with
Led to interventions where criminal wrist people are exposed to positive role models
Broca
Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience originated through Broca
-He went to hospital with an infection
-Had a lesion in left frontal lobe which was named Broca
-Responsible for speech production
Twin studies
Biological approach-genetic
Concordance rate is calculated between twins for probability that they will share the same disease
Monozygotic- 68% chance of having OCD if one has OCD
Dizygotic- 31%
Christiansen
Biological approach-genetic
Concordance rates for criminal behaviour separated by gender
Males; MZ-35%
Dz- 13%
Female; MZ-21%
Dz-8%
-Genetics are partially responsible for behaviour as concordance rates are higher in MZ but nurture does play a role
Phineas Gage
Biological approach neuro anatomy
Metal rod through frontal lobe
Caused a personality change used to be hard-working now is unsociable
Damaged pre-frontal cortex which is responsible for emotional regulation
Darwin
Biological approach evolution
Theory of natural selection
Genetic mutations that are beneficial to survival are passed on through reproduction (adaptive advantage)
Freud psychosexual stages
Psychodynamic approach
Theory of child development
-Oral stage 0 to one years old
Anal stage one to 3 years old
Phallic stage 3 to 6 years old
Latency stage six years old
Genital stage 12 to 18 years old
Little hans
Strength Psychodynamic approach
Oedipus theory
Hans developed phobia of horses when one collapsed
Freud suggest this phobia was displacement of a repressed fear of his father and castration
-Shifted emotion from real source to another target
Maslow
Humanistic approach
Hierarchy of needs
Physiological needs
Safety and security
Love and belongingness
Self-esteem
Self actualisation
= these must be met before one can self factorise
Rogers
Humanistic approach- congruence
The self and congruence
For personal graph and individual individuals concept of their self must congruence (overlap) with their ideal self
Rogers
Humanistic approach- conditions of worth
-People who believe others will only love them if they achieve certain things
Rogers
Humanistic approach- client centred therapy
- Focus on reducing the gap between the self-concept and ideal self to increase congruence
