Resit-diagnostics

Question 1

Periodontium

Answer 1

Collective teen that describes the tooth-supporting and investing tissues such as Gingiva, root cementum, periodontal ligament and alevolar bone

Question 2

Fluids in oral cavity

Answer 2

Saliva
Gingival crevicular fluid

Question 3

Role of saliva

Answer 3

Protect teeth, oral and peri oral tissues

Facilitate eating and speech

Question 4

What is saliva composed of

Answer 4

Different electrolytes including sodium, bicarbonates and phosphates

Immune complexes such as immunoglobulins, proteins and mucins

Question 5

Exudate

Answer 5

Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels or tissue as a result on inflammation or injury

Question 6

GCF

Answer 6

Gingival crevicular fluid

Oral inflammatory exudate
Found in the sulcus between the tooth and gingiva

Question 7

Role of GCF

Answer 7

Facilitate the antimicrobial defence of the periodontium

Maintain structure of junctional epithelium

Question 8

Where do constituents of GCF originate from

Answer 8

Blood, surrounding cells and various tissues of the periodontium

Question 9

GCF positive feedback loop

Answer 9

• plaque and bacteria build up
  -immune system responds sending wbc,cytokines ans other inflammatory mediators to the site
  -inflammation causes blood vessels in gums to become more permeable. More fluid in the sulcus between= GCF volume increases
  -GCF carries more immune cells enzymes and antibodies to try to fight the infection
  -enzymes damage surrounding tissue if inflammation persists
  -tissue breakdown deepens the sulcus forming a periodontal pocket which harbours more bacteria worsening the inflammation

Question 10

Periodontitis

Answer 10

Orally microbial driven inflammatory disease of the periodontium

Question 11

Manifestations of periodontists

Answer 11

Reoccurring inflammation of the gingiva
Gingiva bleeding
Formation of periodontal pockets

Question 12

Why does periodontists occur as a result of

Answer 12

Eventual loss of periodontal ligament and subsequent destruction of alveolar bone

Question 13

Periodontitis disease progression

Answer 13

Collagen fibres detach from root cementum
Apical migration of the junctional epithelium
Deepened pocket formation
Resorption of the alveolar bone

Ultimately progress to bone destruction if untreated

Question 14

Cause of gingival inflammation/periodontitis

Answer 14

Bacterial biofilms which are associated with changes in bacterial species and disregard normal oral micro biota.

Question 15

What is dysbiosis in peritoneal disease characterized by

Answer 15

Distribution of microbiome resulting in the imbalance in the microbiota

Changes in functional composition and metabolic activities

Shift in local distribution

Question 16

Polymicrobiak synergy and dysbiosis model

Answer 16

Multiple bacterial species work together in a coordinated way

Microbes support each others survival in biofilms ,modify the environment , interact with the host immune system to evade detection or supression

Microorganisms acquire functional specialisation through synergistic activities,increasing community virulence resulting in dysbiosis and tissue homeostasis disruption of periodontal tissues

Question 17

Consequences of of periodontal tissue infection on the body

Answer 17

Periodontal microorganisms,bacterial metabolites and further biomarkers such as antigens into the body

These bacteria and molecules may promote disease elsewhere in the body via dissemination of the circulars system eg Alzheimer’s

Question 19

What are systemic disease

Answer 19

Illness that affect the entire body or multiple organ/systems

Question 20

How can periodontits influence systemic disease

Answer 20

Due to transient bacteraemia and the distan deposition of oral microbial metabolites and the distal deposition of oral microbial metabolites which can result in metastatic spread of infection of oral metabolites

Question 21

Biomarker

Answer 21

A biochemical ,cellular or molecular alternation that is measurable in any biological media such as the human tissues cells or fluids

Used to indicate the medical state of an individual

Question 22

2 categories of biomarkers

Answer 22

Exposure biomarkers which enable the assessment of potential health risks

Disease biomarkers which are currently in use for screening, diagnostics and monitoring exciting diseases

Question 23

Traditional methods of periodontal disease assessments

Answer 23

Bleeding on probing( however painful for the patient as the gingival pocket deepens )
Pocket depth analysis
Clinical attachment levels
Plaque indexes and analysis of radiographs of current Alveolar bone levels

Question 24

Biosensor

Answer 24

A device that detects and measures biomarkers or other biological substances

Question 25

What should biosensors be in detecting periodontatis

Answer 25

Affordable Result in economically viable healthcare An increase in favourable patient outcomes

Question 26

Why is saliva and GCF used as the fluid in which biosensor are used

Answer 26

-contain specific disease biomarkers indicating periodontist -saliva is readily available and collected without invasive interventions -molecules are able to be transported either into or out of alive and GCF through cells via processes like passive diffusion, active transport or ultra filtration -GCF also shows clear changes during different stages of periodontal disease progression

Question 27

Most common polyamines in bacteria

Answer 27

Cadverine ans putrecscine

Question 28

Cadaverine

Answer 28

Colourless liquid with an unpleasant odour Associated with putrefaction on animal tissue Increases up to 10 times in periodontal disease Best indicator to measure metabolic activity of plaque = associated with onset of periodontal disease Typically not present in healthy human blood Diffuses from dental biofilm and diffuses from the site to the saliva then penetrates tone biofilms and surrounding gingival sulci

Question 29

What is kidney disease characterised by

Answer 29

Progressive destruction of the renal parenchyma and along with loss of functional nephrons

Question 30

How can periodontist cause chronic kidney disease

Answer 30

Translocation from the oral acbity fi distant body locations

Question 31

Original kidney biomarkers

Answer 31

Serum creatinine ( low predictive values of CKD) Elected blood urea nitrogen levels Urine analysis

Question 32

Creatine as a bio marker

Answer 32

Creatine is a waste product in your blood that comes from your muscles healthy kidneys, filter creatine out of your blood through your urine when your kidneys are not working well creatine levels goes up

Question 33

Cystatin C

Answer 33

Produced by the cells in your body, When kidneys are not working well, the assisting sea levels in your blood are too high

Question 34

Issues using creatine as a biomarker

Answer 34

Age variations Sudden weight changes Lack of standardisation of testing kidneys

Question 35

Why do some people believe creatine is a good biomarker

Answer 35

It demonstrates soap, optimal sensitivity and specificity

Question 36

Polyamines in kidney disease

Answer 36

Influential in the pathogenesis of renal disorder Putrsecine a polyamine broken down into spermicide ans spermine was shown significantly elevated in renal failure patients Putrescine has been shown to reduce proliferation and maturation of certain cells

Question 37

Current methods of detection of PD disease

Answer 37

In clinic visit, periodontal probing, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, radiographs for bone loss However, current methods do not provide real time information on the active state of the disease