What must always be present for fermentation to occur in a yeast cell
Enzyme
Examples of cellular activities that require energy
- cell division
- synthesis of proteins from amino acids
- active transport
- muscle cell contraction (in animal bodies)
- transmission of nerve impulses (in animal bodies)
What is ATP made up of?
- one adenosine molecule
- three phosphate groups, (Pi)
The energy required for cellular activities is provided directly by molecules of …
ATP
How is energy relaesed from each ATP molecule?
By breaking down ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate group..
Breakdown of ATP..
Releases energy
Regenaration of ATP..
Requires energy
What is respiration
cellular process of releasing energy from food through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
What happens to the energy released in ATP?
- Used as energy in the regeneration of ATP
- Lost as heat
Name the two types of respiration
Aerobic respiration
Fermentation
What is areobic respiration
Name for respiration that occurs in cell with oxygen present
What is fermentation
Name for respiration that occurs in a cell with no oxygen
word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose+oxygen>carbon dioxid+water+ATP
Where does stage one of aerobic respiration take place.
In the cytoplasm
Where does stage two of aerobic respiration take place.
The mitochondria of plant,animal and fungal cells.
What happens in stage one of aerobic respiration?
- Glucose in the cytoplasm of cells is broken down into two molecules of pyruvat
- releases enough energy to produce 2 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose that is broken down.
- breakdown of glucose is controlled by enzymes.
- oxygen isn’t required
What happens in stage two?
- pyruvate molecule enters the mitochondria and is broken down whens theres oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
- Oxygen does not react directly with molecules of pyruvate
- If theres no oxygen only two ATP is made
Why do nerve cells and muscle cells contain large amounts of mitochondria?
because they have a high energy demand therefore need to maximise atp production by aerobic respiration.
Where does fermentation occur
In the cytoplasm
If oxygen is not available to animal cells then pyruvate is converted into….
Lactate(lactic acid)
If oxygen is not available in plant and yeast cells pyruvate is converted into…
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
word equation for fermentation pathway in animal cell
Glucose(pyruvate)—>lactate +ATP
word equation for fermentation pathway in plant and yeast cells.
Glucose(pyruvate)—>carbon dioxide+ethanol+ATP
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Producing new cells38
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Transport systems plants23
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Absorption Of Materials16
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Reproduction16
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Transport Systems - Animals30
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Variation And Inheritance21
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Control and Communications26
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Cell Structure23
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Cell Transport28
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DNA & Proteins25
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Genetic Engineering10
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Proteins38
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Problem Solving & Exam Technique21
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Transport Systems - Animals33
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Transport Systems - Plants18
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Absorption of Materials11
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Variation & Inheritance20
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Control & Communication29
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Enzymes20
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Respiration23
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German writing12
