Where does Glycolysis occur in the cell?
-cytoplasm
Where is the ETC in the cell?
-cristae
Describe steps to oxidative phosphorylation
7
- NADH/FADH2 release electrons to make NAD/FAD
- Electrons taken up by ETC via a series of redox reactions.
- Electrons give energy to proton pumps in ETC.
- Protons are pumped into intermembrane space creating an electrochemical gradient.
- Protons move through ATP synthase
- This catalyses ADP+Pi –> ATP
- Electrons from ETC move to oxygen (final electron acceptor)
Describe anaerobic respiration in plants
3
- end of glycolysis: pyruvate undergoes carboxylation and loses CO2
- reduced NAD transfers H to it to form NAD
- makes ethanol
Describe the steps in anaerobic respiration in animals
3
- end of glycolysis: reduced NAD transfers H to pyruvate to form NAD
- makes lactate
- can be oxidised back to pyruvate and oxidised again to glycogen
why is less ATP made with less oxygen?
2
-O2 is the final electron acceptor, absence means no oxidative phosphorylation
-this produces most ATP in aerobic
Why is converting pyruvate to ethanol important in allowing continued production of ATP in anaerobic?
2
-NAD can be resynthesised
-glycolysis can continue
Give 4 ways in which anaerobic of glucose in yeast is similar in a muscle cell
4
-ATP is produced
-pyruvate is formed and reduced
-NAD and reduced NAD
-glycolysis involved
Give 4 ways in which anaerobic of glucose in yeast is different in a muscle cell
4
-ethanol formed by yeast but lactate formed by muscle
-CO2 released by yeast but not by muscle
Explain the advantages of using a large number of results
3
-more reliability
-identify anomalies
-do stat test to see if results are significant (not due to chance)
What is the advantage of mitovhondria in muscle cells having more cristae?
2
-larger SA for enzymes for ATP production
-muscle cells use more ATP
What molecule that has 3 carbons enter the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm?
-pyruvate
In the link reaction, what is converted to a substance with 2 carbons?
3
-decarboxylation
-NAD is reduced
-forms acetyle coenzyme A
Describe the role of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the production of ATP
4
-NAD/FAD are reduced
-electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme via a series of redox reactions
-energy used to make ATP
-pumps H+ back into intermembrane space
What are two substances made from pyruvate?
2
-CO2
-reduced NAD
Why do muscles become fatugued when less O2 is available?
-inc conc of lactate lowers pH
-enzymes inhibited
Whats an advantage of lactate being oxidised in the muscles when theres lots of O2?
2
-lactate is an energy source
-muscles have more ATP
