Respiration

Question 1

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 1

Removes a molecule of water

Question 2

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 2

Adding a molecule of water

Question 3

What is energy?

Answer 3

The ability to do work
-metabolism, movement, active transport

Question 4

What are the uses of ATP?

Answer 4

-Instant source of energy to the cell
-Releases energy in small amounts
-Can be synthesised/ re used
-Mobile, can be transported around the cell

Question 5

What is the ADP reaction?

Answer 5

ADP + Pi = ATP
-formed in a condensation reaction
-makes ADP into ATP
-uses the enzyme ATP synthase
-(Pi = inorganic phosphate)

Question 6

What is the ATP reaction?

Answer 6

ATP + Water = ADP + Pi
-formed in a hydrolysis reaction
-causes a phosphate group to be lost from ATP which releases energy

Question 7

What is ATP?

Answer 7

A mono nucleotide
-made of adenine base, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups

Question 8

What is reduction?

Answer 8

Adding electrons or adding hydrogen or removing oxygen

Question 9

What is oxidation?

Answer 9

Removing electrons or removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

Question 10

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 10

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6CO2 + 6H20

Question 11

What is the overview of glycolysis?

Answer 11

-Little ATP made
-Requires no oxygen
-Splitting of the respiratory substrate
-Molecules prepped for entry into second stage of the process

Question 12

What are the 4 stages of respiration?

Answer 12

1. Glycolysis
2. Link Reaction
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain

Question 13

What are the parts of the membrane?

Answer 13

-Outer Membrane = contains transport proteins
-Inner Membrane = contains ETC and ATP synthase for oxidation phosphorylation
-Inter Membrane Space = small space to quickly accumulate proteins
-Matrix = has enzymes at a suitable pH for krebs cycle
-Cristae = small space to quickly accumulate proteins
-Stalked Particles = where ATP production happens on the inner membrane

Question 14

What is the process of glycolysis?

Answer 14

1. Glucose with 6 carbon sugar
2. Hydrolyse 2 molecules of ATP into ADP to phosphorylate glucose
3. Turns into phosphorylated glucose which is highly reactive
4. Glucose phosphate splits into 2 GP molecules
5. GP molecules undergo a series of enzyme controlled reactions
   - GP becomes oxidised and NAD is reduced
   - GP gains 2 molecules of ATP from ADP each
6. GP becomes 2 pyruvates

Question 15

Where does glycolysis happen and what isn’t needed?

Answer 15

-Happens in the cytoplasm of the cell
-Oxygen is not required

Question 16

What is the net gain of ATP during glycolsis?

Answer 16

-Uses up 2x ATP molecules
-Produces 4x ATP molecules
= net gain of 2 ATP molecules

Question 17

What does dehyrogenation mean?

Answer 17

The removal of hydrogen

Question 18

What does decarboxylation mean?

Answer 18

The removal of carbon

Question 19

What are the stages of the link reaction?

Answer 19

1. Pyruvates move into the mitochondria
2. The co enzyme NAD takes a hydrogen atom from each pyruvate
   -NAD is reduced
   -Pyruvate is oxidised
3. Pyruvate then loses a carbon atom and forms carbon dioxide and a 2 carbon compound
4. Co enzyme A reacts with the 2 carbon compound to form an acetyl coenzyme

Question 20

What is a link reaction?

Answer 20

-Links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle
-Happens in the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 21

What are the stages of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 21

1. Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) which was produced in the link reaction enters the circular pathway
2. This joins with oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C)
3. Carbon dioxide is removed by decarboxylation and NAD removes a hydrogen becoming reduced NAD
4. This forms a 5C compound which is an intermediate compound
5. NAD removes 2 more hydrogens creating 2 more reduced NAD, FAD also removes a hydrogen creating reduced FAD
6. The intermediate compound transfers a phosphate to ADP to form ATP
7. Turns back into oxaloacetate and the cycle happens again

Question 22

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 22

-ATP
-3 reduced NAD
-1 reduced FAD
-Carbon dioxide

Question 23

What happens in the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 23

1. Reduced NAD and FAD transfer their electrons and hydrogen ions
2. The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, where they release small amounts of energy, along the electron transport chain by a series of redox reactions
3. Oxygen is the final acceptor of the electrons
4. The hydrogen ions are passed into the intermembrane space by ATP synthase through chemiosmosis
5. This causes ADP to be converted into ATP
6. The oxygen picks up the hydrogen ions creating water

Question 24

What are the types of anaerobic fermentation?

Answer 24

-Ethanol fermentation
-Lactate fermentation

Question 25

What are the stages of ethanol fermentation?

Answer 25

1. Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates by glycolysis 2. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal producing carbon dioxide 3. Ethanal is reduced to ethanol by the coenzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 4. Ethanal is the hydrogen acceptor, ethanol cannot be further broken down and is a waste product

Question 26

What are the stages of lactate fermentation?

Answer 26

1. Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates by glycolysis 2. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate by enzyme lactate dehydrogenase 3. Pyruvate is the hydrogen acceptor 3. Lactate is the final product which can then be further broken down