Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is active transport?

A

Moving ions and molecules against the concentration gradient. Sodium and potassium pumps maintain resting potential

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2
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Large molecules made in some cells are exported out of the cells via secretory vesicles

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3
Q

What is anabolic condensation?

A

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

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4
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The bulk movement of large molecules in to the cell

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5
Q

What is DNA synthesis?

A

The production of an identical copy of the DNA just before the cell divides

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6
Q

What is contraction/movement

A

Muscle contraction, use of flagella and cilia

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7
Q

What type of molecule is ATP?

A

A nucleotide

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8
Q

What forms ATP?

A

ADP + Pi

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9
Q

When is ATP formed?

A

During photosynthesis and respiration

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10
Q

What does ATP act as?

A

A short term intermediate energy source

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11
Q

Is ATP universal?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What does ATP do once formed?

A

Carries the chemical potential energy released by the breakdown of glucose to any part of the cell needing energy?

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13
Q

When is the energy released from ATP?

A

When ATP is hydrolysed from to ADP + Pi

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14
Q

How should energy be described in an exam question?

A

Energy can only be transferred/released.

DO NOT SAY PRODUCED !! CAN SAY ATP PRODUCTION BUT NOT ENERGY PRODUCTION

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15
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Build up large molecules from smaller molecules

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16
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Break down large molecules into smaller ones

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17
Q

Why is ATP needed? Why don’t we get energy from glucose?

A

One molecule of glucose would release too much energy for simple chemical reactions, a lot of energy would be wasted.
ATP released a smaller, more useable amount of energy
Other molecules contain a lot of energy that cannot be easily accessed without using many enzymes
Only one enzyme is needed to release energy from ATP

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18
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

Adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups (see cursive diagram)

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19
Q

How much energy is released from hydrolysis of ATP?

A

~30.6kJ (can say 30-31 in an exam)

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20
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen

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21
Q

Which molecule is most commonly used in respiration?

A

Glucose

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22
Q

What other molecules can be used in respiration?

A

Amino acids (last choice in the body)
Lipids and fatty acids
Other sugars

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23
Q

By what process is glucose made?

A

Photosynthesis

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24
Q

Glucose contains chemical energy. Where is this chemical energy from?

A

The sun

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25
Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?
Exothermic
26
Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?
Endothermic
27
What is the role of NAD and FAD in respiration?
-Pick up H, used in anaerobic respiration -Accept protons + electrons, then released whilst breaking down glucose
28
What is the role of Coenzyme A (CoA) in respiration?
Carries acetate groups produced at the end of the link reaction into Kreb's cycle
29
What is glycolysis?
Breaking down glucose
30
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm
31
What is phosphorylation (1)?
-First step of glycolysis -Requires 2 ATP - 2 phosphates, released from ATP, attach to glucose molecule, form hexose bisphosphate
32
What is lysis?
-Second step of glycosis -Destabilises molecule, causes to split into two triose phosphate molecules
33
What is phosphorylation (2)?
-Third step of glycolysis -Another phosphate group added to each triose phosphate, forms triose biphosphate -Phosphates come from free inorganic phosphate ions in cytoplasm
34
What is dehydrogenation and formation of ATP?
-Fourth and final step of glycolysis -Two triose biphosphate molecules oxidised by removal of H to form 2 pyruvate molecules -NAD coenzymes accept removed H: reduced, form 2 reduced NAD molecules
35
What is produced in glycolysis?
4x ATP (becomes 2 later on) x2 NADH, glucose split into 2 pyruvates
36
Why is net production of ATP lower than what is produced in glycolysis?
Two ATP molecules used to prime process at beginning, four ATP produced: overall yield is 2
37
What is the matrix in mitochondria?
Contains enzymes involved in link reaction and Kreb's cycle
38
What is the intermembrane space in mitochondria?
Allows build up of protons, creating a proton gradient
39
What is the mitochondrial envelope?
Outer and inner membrane, enclose inter-membrane space
40
What are cristae?
Folded inner membrane has large surface area to carry out ATP synthase and electron transport chains
41
What are mitochondrial ribosomes?
70s, site of protein synthesis producing the enzymes involved in respiration
42
Draw the link reaction
See cursive online drawing
43
Where does the link reaction take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
44
Why is it called the link reaction?
Links glycolysis to aerobic pathways in mitochondria
45
What happens to the CO2 released in the link reaction?
Breathed out Used in photosynthesis (plants)
46
Draw out and annotate the Krebs cycle
See cursive online drawing
47
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Matrix
48
What happens in the Krebs cycle?
Oxidation, hydrogen atoms removes from molecules, dehydrogenation
49
What coenzymes remove the hydrogen atoms in the Krebs cycle?
NAD and FAD
50
What is released from the Krebs cycle?
CO2
51
What process produces ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation Phosphate donated to ADP from another molecule
52
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
ATP, NADH, FADH
53
How is ATP generates in oxidative phosphorylation?
Electrons move through ETC H+ pumped through cristae membrane into intermembrane space H+ move through ATP synthase, drive ATP production Oxygen accepts e- + H+ to form water
54
What are obligate anaerobes?
Only respire anaerobically, survive without oxygen
55
What are facultative anaerobes?
Can respire both ways, switch between both depending on oxygen levels
56
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Phosphate is transferred to ADP from a high phosphorylated organic compound
56
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Coupling of electron transfer reactions (oxidative-reduction reactions) to phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP
57
What is proton-motive force?
A combination of a difference in proton (H+ ion) concentrations across a membrane, and the resulting electrical potential
58
What is chemiosis?
The process of pumping protons across the membrane to generate the proton gradient, driven by the flow of electrons down the electron transport chain
59
Draw the process of lactate fermentation
See cursive online drawing
60
What is fermentation?
Metabolic process converting sugar to acids/gases/alcohol Occurs in yeast/bacteria, and in oxygen starved muscles cells Two processes: lactate and alchocolic
61
What is lactate fermentation?
Formation of lactic acid Happens in animal cells
62
What is alcoholic fermentation?
Alchohol production Occurs in plants such as yeast
63
What is the fate of lactate after lactate fermentation?
Carried to liver in blood In preseence of O2 lactate converted back to pyruvate and enters Krebs OR recycled to glycose and stored as glycogen
64
What are limitations of lactate fermentation?
Lack of ATP Muscle fatigue Build up of lactic acid Denaturing proteins Lowering pH
65
Draw out alcoholic fermentation
See cursive online drawing
66
Theoretical yield of ATP is 38. Why is it closer to 30?
H+ can leak ATP used in active transport of pyruvate to mitochondria Used to bring NADH/e- into mitochondria from glycolysis in cytoplasm Some intermediary products used elsewhere (amino acids synthesis, protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, lipid formation)
67
How do proteins enter the respiratory pathway?
Hydrolysed to amino acids AA deaminated, req. energy AA can be converted to glycogen/lipids and stored for later use In starvation, amino acids can enter Krebs directly or be converted to pyruvate and enter after respiration
68
How do lipids enter the respiratory pathway?
Made of fatty acids + glycerol Gly. can convert to glucose, fatty acids can't Gly. can be converted to pyruvate, enter link FA chains broken down into many acetyl groups, combines with CoA
69
What is the mean energy per gram of carbohydrates?
15.8kJg^-1
70
What is the mean energy per gram of lipids?
39.4kJg^-1
71
What is the mean energy per gram of proteins?
17.0kJ^-1
72
What is the respiratory quotient?
Measured using respirometer Calculated by dividing volume of CO2 produced by volume of O2 consumed during respiration
73
What is the respiratory quotient equation?
RQ = CO2 eliminated/O2 consumed
74
What does it mean if the RQ is above 1?
Organism most likely respiring anareobically
75
What does it mean if the RQ is between 0.8-0.9?
Aerobic respiration, as a mitxture of glucose and lipids and occasionally proteins
76
Why do lipids require more oxygen to break but release less CO2?
Have many more C-H bonds
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