Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what do all organisms require energy for?

A

to grow, reproduce, move and carry out fundamental maintenance

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2
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy?

A

the sun

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3
Q

see IRL flashcard for structure of ATP

A
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4
Q

what is the universal energy carrier for cells?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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5
Q

what is ATP classed as and what is it composed of?

A
  • nucleotide
  • adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups
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6
Q

where do covalent bonds form in ATP?

A

join the 2 terminal phosphate groups to the nucleotide

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7
Q

what do exergonic reactions do?

A

release energy

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8
Q

what do endergonic reactions do?

A

uptake energy

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9
Q

how does ATP release its energy quickly?

A

by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate

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10
Q

what does ATPase catalyse?

A

the reaction for the release of energy quickly by hydrolysis

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11
Q

what happens when ATP has released its energy?

A

it becomes ADP (adenine diphosphate)

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12
Q

what is ADP?

A

a low energy molecule that can be recharged by adding a phosphate

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13
Q

what are the stages of respiration?

A
  • glycolysis
  • link reaction
  • krebs cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
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14
Q

what is respiration?

A

a process in living organisms involving the production of energy

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15
Q

what is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

anabolic build molecules up and catabolic break molecules down

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16
Q

what are some examples of photoautotrophs?

A
  • plants
  • algae
  • photobacteria
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17
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen+glucose –> water+CO2

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18
Q

what is the product of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

lactate

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19
Q

what are the end products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

ethanol and CO2

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20
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the chemical reactions that occur inside an organism

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21
Q

what are some metabolic processes that need energy?

A
  • active transport
  • keeping warm
  • DNA replication
  • secretion
  • synthesis of proteins
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22
Q

why is ATP not a good long term energy store?

A
  • it releases energy in short packets
  • instability of phosphate bonds
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23
Q

what characteristics of ATP make it a good universal indicator?

A
  • easily regenerated
  • releases energy in small amounts
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24
Q

see IRL flashcard for diagram of mitochondria

A
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25
where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm of mitochondria
26
what type of respiration does glycolysis occur in?
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
27
what is the end product of glycolysis?
pyruvate
28
where is pyruvate transported into at the end of glycolysis?
into the mitochondrial matrix for aerobic respiration
29
what net yield is there of ATP and NADH molecules in glycolysis?
- 2ATP - 2NADH
30
what is the function of glycolysis?
- production of cellular energy sources (ATP = NADH) for aerobic and anaerobic respiration - production of pyruvate for use in krebs cycle - the production of intermediate carbon compounds which can be removed from other cellular processes
31
for each glucose molecule entering the reaction...?
- 2 molecules of ATP are used - 4 of ATP are produced - so net gain of 2ATP - 2 NADH produced - glucose converted to 2 pyruvate
32
where does all the NADH from glycolysis and the link reaction?
go to the inner membrane space
33
what is NADH used for?
to make ATP in oxidative phosphorylation
34
what are coenzymes?
non protein organic molecule
35
what do coenzymes do when it forms enzymes substrate complex?
temporarily binds with enzymes
36
what does NAD do?
works with dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyse the removal of H atoms from substrates
37
what does NAD accept?
H atoms and passes them to the next hydrogen carrier
38
where is coenzyme A used?
in the link reaction
39
what does coenzyme A carry?
ethanoate (acetate) groups made from pyruvate during the link reaction to the krebs cycle
40
what reactions is the matrix involved in?
- link reaction - krebs cycle
41
what are some features that allow the matrix to carry out its function?
- enzymes - molecules of co enzyme NAD - oxaloacetate which accepts acetate from link reaction - contains matrix granule - contains mitochondrial DNA
41
what are some features that allow the outer membrane to carry out its function?
- separates matrix/contents from cytoplasm/cell - has protein channels/carriers to allow pyruvate to enter
42
what are some features that allow the inner membrane to carry out its function?
- folded into cristae to increase surface area - impermeable to most small ions - has electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes embedded
43
what reaction takes place in the inner membrane?
oxidative phosphorylation
44
what are some features that allow the mitochondrial DNA to carry out its function?
codes for enzymes required in respiration
45
what is the location of glycolysis and what happens?
- cytoplasm - glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
46
what is the location of the link reaction and what happens?
- mitochondrial matrix - pyruvate is converted into acetate
47
what is the location of the krebs cycle and what happens?
- mitochondrial matrix - a series of reactions producing CO2, ATP + hydrogens
48
what is the location of the ETC and what happens?
- mitochondrial cristae - energy is released as ATP
49
see IRL flashcard for glycolysis process
50
see IRL flashcard for link reaction process
51
what does the glycolysis of glucose involve?
oxidation of glucose to pyruvate with a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH
52
in glycolysis, where does the NADH pass hydrogens to in aerobic conditions?
the electron transport chain, where more ATP's are generated by oxidative phosphorylation
53
what does glycolysis produce if there is no oxygen present?
lactate/lactic acid
54
what happens in glycolysis if oxygen is available?
pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport
55
where does the krebs cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
56
how many times does krebs cycle occur per glucose molecule?
twice
57
what is each step of the krebs cycle controlled by?
enzymes
58
the krebs cycle does not require.... but....?
does not require oxygen but cannot take place if O2 is not present- therefore is an anaerobic process
59
what are the products of the krebs cycle?
- 4 CO2 - 2 ATP - 6 NADH - 2 FADH
60
what are coenzymes derived from?
vitamins
61
what stage of cellular respiration does FAD take place in?
krebs cycle
62
what stage of cellular respiration does NAD take place in?
all stages
63
what does FAD accept?
hydrogen
64
what does NAD accept?
hydrogen
65
how many hydrogens does FAD accept?
2
66
how many hydrogens does NAD accept?
1
67
when is FAD oxidised?
further along ETC
68
when is NAD oxidised?
start of ETC
69
how many ATP molecules are synthesised because of hydrogen with FAD?
2
70
how many ATP molecules are synthesised because of hydrogen with NAD?
3
71
see IRL flashcard for krebs cycle
72
what is a respiratory substrate?
an organic substrate that can be used for respiration
73
what are some respiratory substrates?
- glucose - lipids - proteins
74
what do lipids do as a respiratory substrate?
store and release around twice as much energy as carbs
75
what do alcohols do as a respiratory substrate?
stores and releases more than carbs but less than lipids
76
how much energy do proteins release?
around the same amount of energy as carbs
77
what is a respiratory quotient?
the ratio of the volume of CO2 produced to the volume of O2 consumed
78
what is the respiratory quotient equation?
CO2 produced / O2 consumed
79
what are the RQ for carbs, proteins and lipids?
- carbs - 1.0 - proteins - 0.9 - lipids - 0.7
80
what is chemiosmosis?
synthesis of ATP driven by the flow of protons across a membrane (active)
81
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
- a metabolic pathway - electric transport chain - redox reactions are used to release energy due to chemiosmosis
82
where are electron carriers embedded for chemiosmosis?
in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
83
what is ATP synthase enzyme also known as?
stalked particle
84
what is donated from the krebs cycle to the electron carriers?
NADH and FADH2 from the krebs cycle donate H atoms to the electron carriers
85
what is the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
- electrons go from a higher to lower energy level as they travel through the ETC - energy released as electrons are transferred and the co enzymes associated with the carriers pump H+ into the inner membrane space - proton concentration increases, so the protons diffuse back through the ATP synthase = chemiosmosis - as protons flow through the ATP synthase, it drived the rotation of the enzyme causing ADP+Pi --> ATP - oxidative phosphorylation - electrons are passed from the last e- carrier to oxygen - O2 is the final electron acceptor 4H+ + 4e- + O2 --> 2H2O
86
where do the electrons come from in oxidative phosphorylation?
- reduced NAD and reduced FAD provide the elctrons in the ETC - NADH - very good at donating electrons - transfers them directly to the finish complex - reduced FAD is not as good at donating electrons - transfers them to the second complex
87
why is the ETC important?
- regenerates electron carriers FAD and NAD - makes a proton gradient that can be used in the production of ATP
88
see IRL flashcard for oxidative phosphorylation
89
how many carbons does citrate have in the krebs cycle?
6
90
how many carbons does oxaloacetate have in the krebs cycle?
4
91
how many carbons does acetyl coenzyme A have in the krebs cycle?
2
92
explain how a lack of oxygen will affect the reactions involved in respiration in eukaryotic cells?
- no final electron receptor so ETC stops - so link reaction and krebs cycle stop because because we are not regenerating NAD and FAD - anaerobic respiration occurs with glycolysis
93
where does respiration occur in prokaryotic cells?
cytoplasm and membrane
94
what happens if there is no O2 in anaerobic respiration?
- electron carriers cannot pass on electrons - so electrons cannot be donated by reduced NAD - NADH's not converted back to NAD - no NAD to pick up hydrogen from the krebs cycle and link reaction - therefore the link reaction, krebs cycle and ETC cannot occur
95
what are the types of aerobes and anaerobes?
- obligate anaerobes - facultative anaerobes - obligate aerobes
96
what are obligate anaerobes?
cannot survive in the presence of O2
97
what are facultative anaerobes?
can use anaerobic or aerobic respiration as needed
98
what are obligate aerobes?
- need oxygen to synthesise ATP - individual cells may be facultative but they need O2 eventually so the organism as a whole obligate
99
how do all anaerobes metabolise glucose?
all organisms can metabolise glucose anaerobically (without O2) using glycolysis in the cytoplasm
100
what does each anaerobic pathway require?
an electron acceptor (as no oxygen) to reoxidise the reduced NAD, or glycolysis will stop
101
what is the electron acceptor in alcoholic fermentation?
ethanol
102
what is the electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation and what is the end product?
- pyruvate - lactic acid
103
what is the fate of lactate in anaerobic respiration?
- eventually taken into the liver where it is regenerated into pyruvate and then into glucose - it can then re enter glycolysis
104
what does the regeneration of lactate lead to?
leads to an O2 debt where the athletes O2 consumption continues at high level post exercise
105
what is the hydrogen acceptor of yeast in anaerobic respiration?
ethanol
106
what is the hydrogen acceptor of mammals in anaerobic respiration?
pyruvate
107
is CO2 produced in yeast in anaerobic respiration?
yes
108
is CO2 produced in mammals in anaerobic respiration?
no
109
is ATP produced in yeast in anaerobic respiration?
yes
110
is ATP produced in mammals in anaerobic respiration?
yes
111
is NAD reoxidised in yeast in anaerobic respiration?
yes
112
is NAD deoxidised in mammals in anaerobic respiration?
yes
113
what is the end product of anaerobic respiration in yeast?
ethanol and CO2
114
what is the end product of anaerobic respiration in mammals?
lactate
115
what are the enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration in yeast?
- pyruvate decarboxylase - ethanol dehydrogenase
116
what are the enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration in mammals?
- lactate - dehydrogenase
117
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