1
Q
What is the purpose of respiration?
A
to carry oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from all body tissues; the regulation of blood acid-base balance during exercise
2
Q
Ventilation:
A
mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs
3
Q
inspiration:
A
taking air into lungs
4
Q
expiration:
A
expelling air out of lungs
5
Q
eupnea:
A
normal respiration
6
Q
apnea:
A
cessation of respiration
7
Q
dyspnea:
A
irregularities of respiration
8
Q
hyperpnea:
A
increase in respiratory rate (frequency) and depth (tidal volume)
9
Q
External Respiration (pulmonary respiration)
A
- Passage of air through the respiratory passages and lungs (ventilation)
- Diffusion of respiratory gases between alveoli of lungs and pulmonary capillaries
- Transport of O2 and CO2 through blood
- Diffusion of respiratory gases between blood and tissues
10
Q
Internal Respiration (Cellular Respiration)
A
- Utilization of O2 and production of CO2 in essential metabolic reactions in products of energy from food stuffs in the mitochondria
11
Q
Function of the respiratory system
A
Exchange of respiratory gases (i.e., O2 and CO2) between atmosphere and the cells of the body
12
Q
The function of the respiratory system is broken down in four continuous and simultaneously occurring processes which are:
A
- Ventilation
- Alveolar gas exchange
- Circulatory transport
- Systemic gas exchange
13
Q
Respiratory system plays an important role in the regulation of:
A
acid base balance during high intensity exercise
14
Q
Structural Organization of the respiratory system:
A
Upper respiratory tract: nose, naval cavity, pharynx
Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchus, bronchioles
15
Q
Function Organization of the respiratory system:
A
Conducting zone, Respiratory zone
16
Q
What two muscles assist with inspiration?
A
external intercostals and diaphragm
17
Q
What two muscles assist with forced expiration?
A
internal intercostals, interosseous part and diaphragm
18
Q
During Pulmonary Ventilation, the lungs are suspended by:
A
pleural sacs
19
Q
What happens during pulmonary ventilation when lungs are suspended by pleural sacs?
A
visceral (pulmonary) pleura attaches to lungs, lungs take size and shape of rib cage
20
Q
Anatomy of lung, pleural sacs, diaphragm, and rib cage determines:
A
airflow into and out of lungs
21
Q
Inspiration during pulmonary ventilation is an active process involving the diaphragm and the:
A
external intercostal muscles
22
Q
During inspiration, pressure in the lung is ___ than the air pressure outside the body
A
less
23
Q
Pulmonary Ventilation refers to:
A
the movement of gas into and out of the lungs
24
Q
Tidal volume =
A
volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
25
T/F: not all the air we take in reaches the alveolar gas compartment
True
26
What is Quiet Breathing?
inspiration-active, expiration-passive
27
What happens during Exercise Breathing?
expiratory muscles boost lung's recoil, abdominal and internal intercostal contract
28
Pulmonary Ventilation includes both ___ and ____
Dead space and Alveolar Ventilation
29
Anatomical Dead Space (VD) represents:
"unused" air not participating in gas exchange; air remains in the conducting zone
30
Alveolar Ventilation (VA) =
portion of the tidal volume that reaches the alveolar compartment
31
Pulmonary Volumes are measured using:
spirometry; pulmonary volumes and rate of expired air
32
Residual Volume (RV) =
volume of gas remaining in the lungs after max expiration
33
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) =
volume of gas remaining in lungs after max inspiration; TLC = VC + RV
34
Vital Capacity (VC) = inspire____, then exhaled _____
maximally, forcefully
35
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) =
amount expired forcefully in one second
36
FEV1/VC should be ___ or higher ratio for a healthy individual
80%
37
Daltons Law:
the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently
38
Fick's Law of Diffusion:
The rate of gas transfer (V gas) is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in the partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue, and inversely proportional to the thickness
39
Pulmonary Circulation:
- Carries blood to and from lungs
- Right side of heart through lungs to left side of heart
- Arteries carry blood low in O2 and high in CO2
- Veins carry blood high in O2 and low in CO2
40
Systemic Circulation:
- Carries blood to and from body tissues (except lungs)
- Left side of heart through body to right side of heart
- Arteries carry blood high in O2 and low in CO2
- Veins carry blood low in O2 and high in CO2
41
Basic Pattern of blood flow:
1. Right side of heart
2. Lungs
3. Left side of heart
4. Systemic cells
42
During resting conditions (standing) most blood flow is to the ___ of the lung
base
43
During exercise, blood flow increase to:
top of lung (apex)
44
Each molecule of hemoglobin can transport __ O2 molecules
4
45
99% of O2 is transported bound to:
hemoglobin (Hb)
46
Oxyhemoglobin:
Hb bound to O2
47
Deoxyhemoglobin:
Hb not bound to O2; free to carry other things like CO2
48
Oxyhemoglobin is transported to the ___ side of the heart for transport around the body
left
49
Amount of O2 transported per unit (given volume) of blood is dependent on:
Hb concentration and saturation
50
Each gram of Hb can transport ___ O2 if fully saturated
1.3 ml
51
Anemia:
dysfunction or disruption of hemoglobin
52
The hemoglobin dissociation curve is based off of what equation?
deoxyhemoglobin + O2 <> Oxyhemoglobin
53
What dictates the direction of the hemoglobin dissociation curve equation?
PO2 of the blood and affinity between Hb and O2
54
At the lung, High PO2 =
formation of oxyhemoglobin
55
At tissues, low PO2 =
release of O2 to tissues
56
Dissociation in relation to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve means:
to separate O2 from Hb
57
During exercise, PO2:
drops
58
Strength of O2 and Hb bond is weakened with ____ in pH (increase in acidity)
decrease
59
What does a decrease in blood pH do?
results in unloading of O2 to tissues, right shift in pH, H+ binds with Hb = decrease O2 transport
60
Right shift in pH occurs in:
heavy exercise due to increase in H+
61
When pH decreases, the O2 + Hb bond ___ making it easier to release O2 into the body and be used
weakens
62
At a constant blood pH, O2 affinity of Hb is ____ related to blood temp
inversely
63
What happens during exercise?
increase in temp, and change in pH leads to a right shift in the graph
64
What does myoglobin do?
shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria
65
Myoglobin (Mb) has a higher affinity for ___ than Hb
O2
66
Mb binds O2 at a very low:
PO2
67
Mb stores enough O2 for ____ ____ to catch up
alveolar ventilation
68
Mb buffers muscle O2 needs at onset of exercise until ____ system increases O2 delivery to muscle
cardiopulmonary
69
Mb holds on O2 ____, and shuttles it deeper, does not release O2 until low ___
longer, PO2
70
What does a-v O2 difference mean?
Arterial-Venous Oxygen difference
71
What is a-v O2 difference?
difference between arterial and venous O2, the amount of O2 extracted by the tissue
72
for a-v O2 difference, as extraction increases:
venous O2 decreases, making a-v O2 difference increase
73
normal arterial O2 content:
20 mL O2/100 mL blood
74
At rest and heavy exercise what is the normal venous O2 content?
at rest: 15-16 mL O2/100 mL blood (low extraction)
at exercise: 4-5 mL O2/100 mL blood (high extraction)
75
Higher demand of O2 ___ a-v O2 difference
increases
76
What are the three ways CO2 is transported in blood?
dissolved in plasma (10%)
bound to Hb (20%)
bicarbonate (70%)
77
When CO2 is dissolved in plasma, what ends up happening to it?
carried up to the lungs, expelled out
78
Is CO2 being bound to Hb the ideal way for CO2 to be transported in the blood?
no, Hb wants to be open for O2
79
When CO2 is transported via bicarbonate in the blood, what ends up happening to it?
carried to the lungs to be expelled
80
H+ + ____ > H2CO3 > CO2 + H2O
HCO3, actual bicarbonate buffer
81
CO2 transport in blood is constantly going through reaction to buffer:
H2 and CO2
82
What kind of ventilation removes H+ from blood by the HCO3 reaction?
pulmonary
83
Increased ventilation results in ___ exhalation
CO2
84
Increased ventilation reduces ___ and ___ concentration (pH increase)
PCO2 and H+
85
Decreased ventilation results in buildup of ___
CO2
86
Decreased ventilation increases ____ and ____ (pH decrease)
PCO2 and H+
87
Ventilation increases in proportion to:
exercise intensity
88
What happens to our ventilation (VE) and blood gases during prolonged exercise in a hot environment?
VE drifts upward due to increased body temp, arterial PCO2 remains constant
89
In relation to breathing patterns, during moderate exercise, there is an increase in:
Tidal volume and breathing frequency
90
In relation to breathing patterns, during heavy exercise:
tidal volume levels off, breathing frequency increases
91
VA =
VT - VD (only VT can change)
92
Control center for respiration:
medulla and pons
93
body must maintain homeostatic balance between blood:
PO2, PCO2, and pH
94
In order to maintain homeostasis between blood PO2, PCO2, and pH, what systems need to coordinate?
respiratory and CV
95
Control of ventilation at rest occurs via:
involuntary regulation of pulmonary ventilation
96
Inspiratory and expiratory centers:
brain stem > Medulla oblongata and pons
97
nerves from the respiratory center of the brain establishes:
rate and depth of breathing
98
Decrease O2, Increase H+, and Increase CO2 stimulate:
ventilation
99
receptors in the brain, aorta, and carotid arteries are stimulated by:
increase CO2, increase H+, decrease O2
100
From the effect of endurance exercise training, what happens to ventilation during exercise?
ventilation is about 20-30% lower at the same work rate
101
Endurance exercise training makes changes in:
aerobic capacity of locomotor muscles
102
What results from changes in aerobic capacity of locomotor muscles?
less production of H+ and less afferent feedback from muscle to stimulate breathing
103
What is VO2 max?
highest rate of O2 consumption attainable during maximal exercise
104
VO2 max =
maximal cardiac output x maximal a-v O2 difference
105
VO2 max can __ by about 15-20% in about 20 weeks of endurance training
increase
106
High VO2 max comes primarily from:
maximal a-v O2 difference
