BPK 205 > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

what is the pathway airflow

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
many smaller bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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2
Q

what parts are in the upper respiratory system

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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3
Q

what parts are in the lower respiratory system

A

trachea
primary bronchi
many smaller bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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4
Q

what are the main functions of the respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange - O2 uptake and CO2 release
  • homeostatic regulation of body pH
  • conditioning inspired air (warming and filtering)
    -protection (filtering and clearing foreign particles)
  • vocalization (vocal cords, larynx)
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5
Q

what is the pH of blood plasma

A

7.4

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6
Q

inspiration

A

inhale, air moves into lungs

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7
Q

expiration

A

exhale, air moves out of the lungs

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8
Q

how does the respiratory and circulatory system coordinate?

A

to move O2 and CO2 between atmosphere and cells

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9
Q

explain external respiration

A
  • the movement of gases between internal environment of body and external environment
  1. exchange 1: atmosphere to lung (ventilation) moving respiratory medium over respiratory surface
  2. exchange 2: lung to blood (alveoli)
  3. transport of gases in the blood
  4. exchange 3: blood to cells (tissues)
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10
Q

how many lobes on each side of the lungs

A

3 right, 2 left

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11
Q

cardiac notch

A

where the heart sits

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12
Q

in normal quiet breathing which muscles are used at rest and what do they do?

A

external intercostals and diaphragm contract and expand lungs for air to flow in

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13
Q

what do the sternocleidomastoids and scalenes do

A

increase volume

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14
Q

what do the external intercoastals to during breathing

A

pull ribs up and out

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15
Q

what does the diaphragm do during inhalation

A

create a pressure gradient for air to move into the lungs

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16
Q

pleural membranes

A

fluid filled balloon that surrouds the lungs
- each is made of a thin layer of secretory epithelial cells and a thin layer of connective tissue

parietal: stuck to rib cage
visceral: surrounds lung tissue
both move together and are stuck together via pleural fluid

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17
Q

pleural sac

A
  • fluid filled
  • protects lungs
  • surrounds lungs, sticking tightly to thoracic wall to keep lungs inflated
  • lubricates membranes to reduce friction, which allows them to slide against each other wile lungs move during breathing
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18
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

lining trachea and bronchi to filter foreign substances

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19
Q

what do the airways do

A

warm air to body temperature, add water vapour

conditioning air before it enters alveoli cells

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20
Q

submucosal glands

A

secrete saline and mucous

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21
Q

what does cilia do in the airway

A

moves mucous layer toward pharynx, removing trapped pathogens and particulate mattwer

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22
Q

cartilage ring

A

area can’t be changed unless something is obstructing it, airway is then reduced
surrounds trachea and bronchi

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23
Q

flow is proportional to

A

delta P/V

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24
Q

resistance is proportional to

A

Ln/r^4

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25
what does obstructive lung diseases do to resistance
increase airway resistance
26
How can brochioles change their radius
neutral, hormonal and paracrine effects on smooth muscle. Cross sectional radius is large so resistance is low - bronchoconstriction can increase resistance to reduce flow to/from alveoli
27
bronchiodilation
decrease resistance to air flow ie/ at the gym paracrine response to CO2 SNS response need to increase blood flow
28
what is the SNS response in bronchodilation
noepinephrine/epinephrine bind to B2-adrenergic receptors cause relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle GS-AC-cAMP-PKn
29
bronchoconstriction
increased resistance to air flow paracrine response to histamine being released by local mast cells in an immune response PNS response
30
PNS response in bronchoconstriction
Ach binds to muscarinic receptors (M3) causing constriction of bronchiole smooth muscles Gq-PLC-IP3- IP3R - Ca2+
31
Alveoli
site of gas exchange make up bulk of lung tissue each alveolus is made of one layer epithelial cells
32
type 1 alveolar cells
gas exchange 95% of alveolar SA
33
Type 2 alveolar cells
make and secrete surfactant
34
surfactant
- secreted by type 2 alveolar cells - lines inside surface of alveoli - decrease surface tension inside alveoli therefore decreasing pressure which makes alveoli easier to expand/inflate - preventing alveoli from collapsing
35
why are alveoli optimized for diffusion
very thin, little interstitual fluid, alveolus and capillary held close together by fused basement membranes
36
why at an air- fluid interface, surface of the fluid is under a tension?
attractive forces between fluid molecules which causes inward directed pressure that is a function of the surface tension of the fluid
37
law of laplace equation
P= 2T/r
38
what does the law of laplace tell you about pressure
pressure is greater in a smaller bubble if they have the same surface tension
39
what happens in alveoli when theres too much pressure
makes them collapsible and difficult to inflate - why we need surfactant to help
40
what does surfactant do to pressure in alveoli
equalization of pressure between alveoli air flow equalized to all alveoli decreases surface tension smaller alveoli have more surfactant
41
why is intrapleural pressure always negative
because the membranes are always pulling away from each other
42
equation for transpulmonary pressure
Palv-Pip = 4 mm hg
43
functional residual capacity
at the end of normal expiration, volume of air left in lungs
44
are Palv and Patm equal
yes, 0 mm Hg pressure inside the alveoli=pressure of outside air
45
what does the elastic recoil of lungs inward equals
elastic recoil of chest walls outwards
46
result of elastic recoil of the lungs
negative intrapleural pressure and lungs pulled towards chest wall due to resultant forces on pleural membranes
47
positive transpulmonary pressure
= distending pressure the force inflating the lungs
48
pressure during inspiration and expiration
more neg less neg
49
position of the pleural fluid in the normal lung at rest
pleural fluid keeps the lung adhered to the chest wall
50
Pneumothorax
air enters the pleural sac intrapleural pressure is no longer negative the bond holding the lung to the chest wall is broken and the lung collapses (To unstretched size) creating a pneumothorax air in thorax sealed pleural cavity is opened to the atmosphere, air flows in
51
tidal volume value
500mL
52
when does air stop flowing into the lungs
when Palv=Patm
53
lung compliance
ability of the lung to stretch the change in volume for a given change in pressure exerted on the lung high compliance of the lungs allows them to move outward with little force required
54
loss of compliance disease
fibrosis
55
elastance in lungs
ability of lung to spring back after being stretched due to the presence of elastin fibers throughout the lung interstitial space elastic recoil of the lung creates an inward pull
56
loss of elastin in lung cause what
emphysema - problem with forcing air out of the lungs
57
boyles law equation
P1V1=P2V2 if volume increases, then pressure decreases
58
what happens in ventilation when inspiratory muscles contract
lung volume increases, pressure inside lungs decreases, air is sucked into lungs moves down pressure gradient into lungs
59
what happens in ventilation when the inspiratory muscles relax
diapragm moves down lung volume decreases pressure inside lungs increases air is blown out of the lungs moves down a pressure gradient out of the lungs
60
during quiet inspiration
diaphragm contracts and flattens muscles of inspiration contract and pull ribs up and out; sternum lifts up thoracic and lung volumes increase Pip and Palv decrease Patm>Palv air flows in
61
during passive expiration
diaphragm relaxes and moves upward muscles of inspiration relax; ribs and sternum "fall" back down thoracic and lung volumes decrease Pip ans Palv increase Palv>Patm air flows out
62
how many mL is the dead space in the lungs
150
63
inspiratory capactity
tidal volume + IRV
64
vital capacity
Vt+ IRV+ERV
65
total lung capacity
Vt+IRV +ERV+RV
66
functional residual capacity
ERV+RV
67
total pulmonary ventilation
ventilation rate x tidal volume 12 breaths/min x 500mL = 6L/min
68
alveolar ventilation
volume of air moved in/out of the alveoli per minute = ventilation rate x (VT - dead space volume Vd) = 12 breaths/min x (500-150mL) = 4.2 L/min
69
alveolar ventilation and anatomical dead space
1. at the end of inspiration, dead space is filled with fresh air (150o2, 2. exhale 500mL (tidal volume) 3. at the end of respiration, the dead space is filled with "stale" air from alveoli 4. inhale 500mL of fresh air (tidal volume)
BPK 205
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