AEMCA Study > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

what does the conchae do

A

-each concha is lined with a mucuous membrane that secretes fluids and enzymes - such as lysozyme, which help trap and eliminate inhaled pathogens, offering a first line of defense against infeciton

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2
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

-air filled cavities within the bones of the skull and face

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3
Q

What is the pharynx used for

A

-aid in immune defence, breathing and ear pressure regulation

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4
Q

Pleura

A

Surrounds the lung and consists of two layer visceral and parietal

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5
Q

Hilum

A

Passageway for the bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves to enter and exit each lung

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6
Q

Boyle law

A

-as lung volume increases pressure drops in
-as lung volume decreases presure raises and air flows out

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7
Q

Conducting zone

A

-functions primarily in moving air to the lungs
-filters, warms & humidifies incoming air
-carries air form the outside environment to the respiratory zone
-includes all respiratory passageways from the noose to the bronchioles

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8
Q

Respiratory zone

A

-exchange of O2 & CO2 occurs between the alveoli & blood
-includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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9
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

-cough and sputum for >3 months
-mucus secretion
-airway obstruction

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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

-cyanosis
-chronic, productive cough
-excessive mucus prodcction
-peirpheal edema a
-wheezing
-fatigue
-dyspnea

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11
Q

Emphysema

A

-the alveoli are damge and enlarged causing loss of lung elasticity
-results in loss of lung (barrel chest)
-chronic cough
-wheezing
-fatigue

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12
Q

Tuberculosis

A

-highly contagious bacterial infections typically affecting the respiratory system

-the infeciton develops and multiples, spreading to multiple area body and resulting in an inflammatory respone
-infeciton leads to accumulation of exudate inside the alveolar sac, and scarring or severe damage to the alveoli

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13
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic lung disease that causes inflammation and narrowed airway, resulting in diffulcy breathing

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14
Q

What are nasal pullops?

A

-mucosal tissue
-Inapporaite growth of tissue
-can create growth in tissue

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15
Q

Presbylaryngis

A

-age related atrophy
-weakness in your voice and stamina in voice
-deterioration of the structure

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16
Q

Laryngomalacia

A

-tracheal tugging
-young population
-immature muscular skeletal strucutres affecting the larynx.
-the layrnx become soft easy to collapse with negative pressure

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17
Q

Laryngospasm

A

-cord and cord go into spasms
-when they spasm they occlude
-protective mechanism (prevent foreign material from going into respiratory system)
-primary mechanism in dry drawing and they are VSA

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18
Q

What is surfactant produced by?

A

Type II alveolar cells

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19
Q

What is the law of laplace?

A

-tension of surface + inside
-alveoli function when pressure inside + out are the same

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20
Q

When you go to the lower airway what is the anatomy of the airway?

A

-cartilaginous support become irregular and disappears (once it disappears, called bronchioles)
-smooth mucus increases in smaller airways
-column like dilated cells to cube like specialized thinner membrane type tissue

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21
Q

What is the alveoli surrounded by?

A

-extensive vascular/ capillary network
-thin membrane where the alveoli
-thin wall between alveolus and capillary so gas exchange can occur

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22
Q

Where does air sit and where does blood sit?

A

-sit sin the alveolus blood sits in the capillary

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23
Q

what crosses the thin membrane ?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

How do O2 and CO2 cross the membrane ?

A

By passive diffusion (no energy)

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25
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Only across the alveolar capillary membrane
26
Restrictive lung pathologies
-intersitial lung disease -affects the lung around the airway rather than airway capacity -cystic fibrosis -influence for the lung to expand and contract makes the lung stiffer making it harder to bring air in
27
What is surfactant?
-liquid which decreases surface tension -prevent alvoeli from sticking together
28
Why does alveolar collapse lead to decrease lung volume?
-decrease blood oxygen -incrased blood CO2
29
Lung volume at birth for pediatrics ?
250 mL
30
Epiglottis level for peds
C3-C4
31
trachea in peds vs adults
Peds -smaller, shorter Adults -wider, longer
32
Larynx position peds vs adults
Peds -angles posteroly away from the glottis Adult s -straight up and down
33
Compliance
Measuring the change of volume to the amount of pressure into the lung Highly compliant -emphysema Lung compliant -fibrotic disease
34
Resistance
-how much the air is being pushed back when being put into the deep lungs and they ventilated back up usually depends on: -viscosity -turbulence (anything but a wide open airway, ex grape going to influence the ability to pass by bronchconstriciton) EX: Having difficulty pushing air through obstuciton tubes -> asthma
35
Chemoreceptors
-do not directly innervated muscles -they monitor blood gasses + signal the brainsteam -which then sends motor commands to the diaphgram + intercostals -“alarm sensors-“ the medulla is control center + the pherneic/ intercostals nerves are wires that activate breathing muscles
36
Central chemoreceptors
-CO2 directly control ventilaiton
37
Peirphal chemoreceptors
-respond fast to drops in O2 or acute acidosis
38
Brainsteam resp centers
-dorsal and ventral
39
Medulla sends signal down motor nerves:
-diaphgram - contacts-> chest expand -intercostal - rib cage elevate -> increase lung volume
40
Where do the central chemoreceptors come off of?
-aorta + carotid -come of left side of heart well oxygenated blood
41
Pons
-apneustic center Positive stimulator center it promotes respiratory funciton cause you to breathe & promotes inhaliton by constantly stimulating the medulla -pneumotaxic center Controlling the rhythm and regularity
42
Dorsal funciton
-initiated the inspiration -set and maintains respiratory rate
43
Ventral function
-only kicks on when forceful breathing occurs
44
Mechanoreceptors
1. Irritant receptors (protective , induce coughing, attempt to discharge culprit, mucous membrane at carina. Laryngospasm) 2. Pulmonary stretch receptors (inhibit your normal breathing at normal circumstances ) -when you breathe in your pulmonary stretch receptors in your lungs that is protecting your lungs form damge form stretching -activated by over inflation and suppress breathing
45
What is frick law?
-the amount of gas moving across the membrane is equal to several different variables that are always a t place A=surface area P= difference in pressure between one side and another T= thickness of the membrane alveoli and capillaries Ex: an infection, blood, age related changes
46
PEEP
-to keep alveoli open under pressure -make the re inflation the next Inspiratory pressure easier B/c you do not have to re inflate the alveoli
47
Risk of PEEP
-soft Pliable strucutres like the vena cava can be compressed with increase of thoraic pressure (they can have an effect on hemodynamics and venous return & can incrase prealod and CO , BP -too much pressure can cause; pneumo rupture alveoli , lung take to much volume and contially keeps stretching)
48
What is CPAP?
-provides continues positive pressure through the respiratory cycle (splinting into the airways)= improved oxygenaiton and tidal volume -positive pressure decrease leakage of fluid into the alvoeli -positive pressure decrease WOB and O2 requirements -increased cardiac function decrease preload and afterload of the heart in CHF -less preload = less backlog of fluid -less afterload = heart pumps more effective
49
Risk of CPAP
-pt must tolerate -aspiration risk with tight seal -rescues BP = increased intrathoracic blood pressure from postive pressure ventilation reduces preload -worsens pneumothroax - increaed intrathoracic pressure will make the pneumohtorax larger
50
Why is asthama exacerbation contraindicated
-air -trapping/ hyperinflation -worsens with increase postive pressure
51
Pulmonary edema
Increased hydrostatic pressure causes leakage of fluid into alveoli -rescues gas exchange leading to hypoxia washes out surfactant leading to alveolar collapse
52
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
-seconadry to CHF -ventricular leads to backup pressure and vascular congestion in lungs -potentiallly decreased air entry at base due to alveolar collapse
53
Examples of V/Q <1
-COPD -asthma -pneumonia -flail chest -pulmoanry edema
54
Example of v/q >1
-PE -pulmonary HTN -heart disease -sickle cell anemia
55
V/Q <1
Reduction of V = perfusion
56
V/Q >1
Reduction of Q -perfusion
57
Hypoxemic
-insufficency Oxygen concentration within blood -pulmonary dysfunction
58
Hypermic
-decrease oxygen carry capacity (anemia, hemorrhage, CO, sickle cell)
59
Patho of asthm
-IGE mediated response -release basophils, eosinophils -inflammatory respone -bronchial hyper responsiveness and airway obstruction -edema and excessive mucous obstruction
60
What happens in an asthma attack?
-exposure of allergen -antigen stimulates massive amounts of IGE -IGE attaches to mast cells -trigger massive relase of histmaine and leukotriens -histamine causes vasodialiton and leaky vessels -trigger mucous procuiton and constriction of bronchioles
61
COPD
=increased mucous production (goblet cell in airway lying increase ->more mucous -> mucous clogs the airway) -loss of alveolar elasticity (emphysema )-> elastic recoil is lost -> lung can’t push air out effectively = air trapping -CO2 retainers (poor gas exchange leading, damaged alvoeli = less oxygen iin and less CO2 out) -blunted respiratory drive (normal CO2 levels drive breathing, COPD the brain become used to high CO2) -ventilaiton perfusion (damaged area of the lung still ged blood but no air, leads to more CO2 retention and less oxygen )
62
What caues fevers?
1. Smt triggers the system 2. Pyrogens relased 3. Pyrogens tell hypothalamus to raise themorstat => prostaglandins get relase from hypothalamus 4. Body think it cold tires to heat up by vasocosntrciton and shivering) 5. Temp rises until makes new set point (feel hot b/c increased metabolism, immune vessel, vasodialiton)
63
Virchows triad
1.stasis of blood flow 2. Endothelial injury 3. Hypercoagulability
64
What occurs in collapsed lungs
-abnormal air enters/ collects within the pleural space
65
How it biots respirations caused by?
-damage to medulla
66
What causes a leftward shift?
-hemoglobin having an increased affinity for oxygen (alkalosis ) -decreased CO2 -increased pH -decreased temp
67
In utero how does left ward shift occur ?
-fetal hemoglobin is floating around has let upward shifted curve -facilitated oxygen loading at lower partial pressure -it allows fetus to pull in oxygen from maternal circulation across the placenta much better -relies fetal hemoglobin to pull oxygen across the placenta only way for baby to get O2
68
What caues a right ward shift for oxygen affinity ?
-decreased affinity for oxygen -increased CO2 -decreased pH -increased temp
69
Bohr effect
CO2 affects how Hb carries O2
70
Deoxygenated hemoglobin
-hold CO2 well -good for tissues
71
Oxygenated hemoglobin
-holds CO2 poorly -good for lungs
72
Haldane effect
-O2 affects how Hb carries CO2
73
Open pneumo
-allows for communication with atmosphere and air passage into out of the thoracic
74
Pediatric and breathing
Nasal breathes, narrow uppper airway, hypoxia increases secondary to brain injury
75
Chest in pediatrics
-greater compliacitons of bony structure/ chest waall -decreased likelihood of tradition rib fractures tendency of greens stick fractures -pulmonary condition/ pneumo more common b/c less mask not as robust
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