Primary Functions of the Resp system
- Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
- Homeostatic regulation of body pH
- Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating
substances - Vocalization
External resp processes
Exchange
Components of the resp system
- The bones and muscles of the thorax (Chest Cavity) 2. Conducting system or airways
- Alveoli
what composes the chest cavity?
Bones – • Spine(T1-12) • 12Ribs • Sternum Muscles – • Intercostalmuscles • Diaphragm Lining – • 3 membranous sacs
purpose of pleural fluid
- Creates moist slippery surface
2. Holds lungs tight to thoracic wall
lobes of the right lung
superior, middle, and inferior
lobes of the left lung
superior lobe, inferior lobe
upper resp system
pharynx, vocal cords, esophagus, nasal cavity, rongue, larynx, and trachea
low resp system
lungs, bronchi, and diaphragm
role of the upper airway and bronchi?
- Warming air to body temperature
- Adding water vapor
- Filtering out foreign material
air flow
air enters via pharynx (nasal cavity/mouth); then flows through larynx (vocal chords) then trachea (wind pipe)
how does filtering occur in trachea and bronchi?
• Epithelial cells produce saline
Goblet cells produce mucus (forms layer overtop of the saline)
• Mucus contains immunoglobulins
Mucocilliary Escalator = Cilia pushes mucus towards pharynx
what cystic fibrosis?
mutation lol
decreased saline production, decreased mucus clearance–>increased bacteria colonisation of airways; increased occurence of lung infections
alveoli structure
type 1 alveoli cell for gas exchange (95% gas SA); endothelial cell of capillary; type II alveola cell (surfactant cell); limited ISF; alveolar macrophage
how does air enter the lungs?
pass through the nasal cavity, then the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynz OR the oral cavity, then the oropharynx, then laryngopharynx; then into the trachea and lungs
what causes cystic fibrosis?
mutation in the CFTR channel so that chloride cannot enter the saline in the lumen of the lung; water cannot passively diffuse with the Cl to create the saline; mucus then remains thick and cannot be moved up the mucocillary escalator so the filtering method is lost–> increased incidence in lung infection–>scar tissue build up–> tough for gas exchange–> can’t breathe
what is low pressure due to in the lungs?
shorter circuit, increased distensibility, and increase in CSA
why is it important to have low pressure in the capillaries?
if it was high–>fluid would be pushed out–>do not want this; for any filtering methods the lymphatic system takes over
like in the cardio system, there must be a drop in pressure for air to flow in the respiratory system
ya
mmHg to cm H2O
1 mm Hg = 1.36 cm H2O
mm Hg to kPa
760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa
Normal sea level Patm is considered to be 760 mmHg but is usually set to 0 cm H2O by respiratory physiologists
ya
what is dalton’s law
the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas
the partial pressure of a gas is dependent on humidity (water vapour) in the air
ya
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1. Homeostasis6
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2. Cellular Transport9
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Misc3
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Neuro61
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the CNS46
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more neuro6
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cell membranes4
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Skeletal muscles73
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Cardiac muscle24
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Smooth Muscles20
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CV24
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CV components and autoryth12
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Ionic basis of AP for contractile myocyte, EC Coupling, & ECG15
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Muscles 21
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Cardiac Cycle16
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Control of Blood flow23
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Control of blood pressure23
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cardiac output16
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Skeletal muscle reflexes6
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Lymphatic system3
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Capillary exchange8
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Respiratory53
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Respiratory 232
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Gas Exchange and Transport42
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Renal 154
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Renal 219
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Acid-base balanc7
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GI Tract59
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GIT 250
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repro48
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repro 213
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hematology12
