Respiratory Physiology

Question 0

Diffusion

Answer 0

From high concentration/partial pressure to low concentration/partial pressure

Question 1

Main mechanism for delivery of O2 to cells

Answer 1

Diffusion

Question 2

Convection

Answer 2

Movement with a bulk of fluid down stream

Question 3

How does O2 move around body?

Answer 3

Through movement of heart and lungs

Question 4

Ficks law of diffusion. What happens as area increase and as thickness increases

Answer 4

Increase of area=increase diffusion

Increase in thickness=decrease diffusion

Question 5

What happens if pressure difference is zero in ficks law?

Answer 5

No diffusion occurs

Question 6

Partial pressure of oxygen atmosphere?
Partial pressure muscle?
Frog tissue diffusion

Answer 6

160MmHg

30mmHg

Question 7

Distance inside tissue where O2 partial pressure reaches 30mmHg is:

Answer 7

1mm

Question 8

Diffusion is sufficient I’m small animals such as?

Answer 8

Rotifers

Question 9

O2 requirement increase with mass. What else increases and what decreases?

Answer 9

Diffusion distance and surface area, respectively

Question 10

As animals get larger what do they require to facilitate diffusion?

Answer 10

Respiratory organs with short diffusion distance and large surface area

Question 11

Convection

Answer 11

Bulk transport breathing movements

Question 12

What influences the gas-transfer system structure?

Answer 12

Properties of the medium

Requirements of the animals

Question 13

What animal has most efficient respiratory system?

Answer 13

Fish. Not birds.

Question 14

What is the total atmospheric pressure and its composition

Answer 14

760mmHg
N2 600mmHg
O2 160mmHg

Question 15

What does high altitude reduce?

Answer 15

Atm. pressure. Not % of O2 in the atm.

Question 16

What happens as water temperature rises?

Answer 16

Solubility of O2 decreases

Question 17

What fluctuates in water?

Answer 17

% of dissolved O2. Highest in after noon. From 6-18 hours is when photosynthesis best occurs

Question 18

Animals under what size can rely on simple diffusion?

Answer 18

Animals under 1mm

Question 19

Gas exchanger in fish?

In mammals?

Answer 19

Secondary lamella

Question 20

What covers the lungs?

Answer 20

Pleural sac

Question 21

What makes up the pleural sac

Answer 21

Outer parietal pleura 
Pleural cavity filled with intramural fluid
Visceral pleura (inner)

Question 22

What does boyles law state?

Answer 22

As volume increases pressure decreases and vice versa

Question 23

What happens to lungs, diaphragm and muscles during inhalation?

Answer 23

Diaphragm contracts and moves down.
External intercostal muscles contract and lift rib cage up and out.
Lung volume expands

Question 24

What happens to lungs, diaphragm during exhalation?

Answer 24

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles resting to resting positrons. Rib cage moves down and lungs recoil passively

Question 25

How much is TLC in humans?

Answer 25

~5.7 L

Question 26

How much in TV in humans?

Answer 26

Resting TV (0.5 L)

Question 27

How much is FRC volume in humans?

Answer 27

~2.2L

Question 28

How much is RV in humans ?

Answer 28

(1.2 L)

Question 29

How much is VC in humans?

Answer 29

(~4.5) L

Question 30

Fish gills what kind of flow?

Answer 30

Continuous flow

Question 31

What kind of mechanism do bony and cartilaginous fish have?

Answer 31

Double pumping system

Question 32

In fish, what acts as a passive flap valve?

Answer 32

Mouth and opercular flap

Question 33

Bird have what kind of airflow

Answer 33

Continuous flow of air in one direction

Question 34

Direction of air of bird exhalation

Answer 34

Posterior air sacs to lungs to anterior air sacs to trachea

Question 35

How many cycles of inhilation and exhalation in birds

Answer 35

2

Question 36

Where does air go in first inhalation of birds

Answer 36

Posterior sacs

Question 37

Where does air go in first exhalation of birds

Answer 37

Bronchi in lungs

Question 38

What contracts in first exhalation of birds

Answer 38

Anterior and posterior sacs

Question 39

When does air become deoxygenated in birds?

Answer 39

When it's passes bronchi of lungs

Question 40

What's different about bird lungs than other lungs

Answer 40

The don't expand; they are rigid

Question 41

When does gas exchange occur in birds

Answer 41

Always since there is always fresh air in their system

Question 42

What do the anterior air sacs of birds always have?

Answer 42

Deoxygenated air

Question 43

How big is diameter of paran eunuchs of birds

Answer 43

~0.5 mm

Question 44

What is the surface area of a parabronchus of a bird like?

Answer 44

Lots of surface are to facilitate diffusion

Question 45

What type of current is flood flow in birds?

Answer 45

Cross current (90°)

Question 46

What is the direction of gas flow through parabronchi?

Answer 46

Unidirectional, not tidal

Question 47

What is airflow driven by?

Answer 47

Changes in pressure within the respiratory system

Question 48

What are the three pAtterns of gas transfer?

Answer 48

Countercurrent-fish Crosscurrent-avian lungs Uniform pool-mammalian lungs

Question 49

What type of gas exchange do amphibians have on skin

Answer 49

Open ( cutaneous)

Question 50

What is the form of trachea In insects

Answer 50

Internal tubes that branch off almost to the cellular level

Question 51

What are spiracles

Answer 51

Opening of trachea at body surfaces Have opening and closing mechanisms Some aquatic insects lack them

Question 52

What do the taenidium do?

Answer 52

Prevent collapse of trachea

Question 53

How is ventilation occur in insects

Answer 53

Changing shapes in tracheal system. Collapse and expansion of air sacs

Question 54

What do insects that dive carry?

Answer 54

Short term bobble of air (physical gill) | Collects O2 from air

Question 55

What is a plastron and what does it do?

Answer 55

A film of air outside the body held by specialized structures. Constant volume Functions as a gill so the insects does not need to surface

Question 56

What is a tracheal gill?

Answer 56

Closed tracheal system | Oxygen diffusion across a very thin cuticle

Question 57

What is hemoglobin

Answer 57

A protein in blood that binds to 4 O2 molecules

Question 58

How many ml of O2 can combine with 1g of hemoglobin?

Answer 58

1.39

Question 59

In humans, how much hemoglobin per 100ml of blood?

Answer 59

15g

Question 60

How much O2 can blood carry at arterial PO2

Answer 60

21.15 ml O2/ 100ml of blood

Question 61

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 61

2 alpha polypeptide chains 2 beta polypeptide chains Each chain has a heme group

Question 62

What happens as the partial pressure of O2 increases?

Answer 62

Oxygen saturation Increases | Binding of O2 in one site of hemoglobin increases affinity of other sites

Question 63

What affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Answer 63

Temperature pH Co2

Question 64

What does hemoglobin favor?

Answer 64

Oxygen binding in resp epithelia and oxygen release in tissues