respiratory small deck

Question 1

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells( beat mucus up and out of lungs) extend to beginning of terminal bronchioles, then transition to cuboidal cells

Answer 1

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

Question 2

Mostly cuboidal cells in respiratory bronchioles then simple squamous cells up to alveoli

Answer 2

Question 3

Type 1 cells are squamous and line the alveoli

type II cells are cuboidal and clustered and secrete pulmonary surfractant

clara cells are non ciliated, low columnar/cuboidal with secretory granules, they degrade toxins and act as reserve cells

dust cells are macrophages

Answer 3

Question 4

Adenocarcinoma

• peripheral
• most common lung cancer in nonsmokers and overall (except for metastases)
• activating mutations inclue kras, EGFR, ALK
  assoc. clubbing

Bronchioalveolar subtype (carcinoma in situ): CXR often shows hazy infiltrates similar to pneumonia; excellent prognosis

The bronchioalveolay subtype grows along alveolar septa–> apparent thickening of alveolar walls

Answer 4

Question 5

Squamous cell carcinoma

• central
• hilar mass arising from bronchus; cavitation; cigaretres, hypercalcemia (PTHrP)
• keratin pearls and intercellular bridges

Answer 5

Question 6

Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma

• central
• undifferentiated–> very aggressive
• may produce ACTH, ADH or antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels (Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome)
• amplification of myc genes
• inoperable, treat with chem
• neoplasm of neuroendocrine
• kulchitsky cells –> small dark blue cells

Answer 6

Question 7

Large cell carcinoma

• peripheral
• highly anaplastic undifferentiated tumor
• poor prognosis
• less responsive to chemotherapy; removed surgically

Answer 7

-pleomorphic giant cells

Question 8

Bronchial carcidnoid tumor

• excellent prognosis-metastasis rare
• symptoms usually due to mass effect; occasionally carcinoid syndrome (5-HT secretion –> flushing, diarrhea, wheezine)
• nests of neuroendocrine cells, chromogranin A +

Answer 8

Question 9

Pancoast tumor

-carcinoma that occurs in apex of lung may affect cervical sympathetic plexus, causing horner syndrom, SVS syndrome, sensorimotor deficits and hoarseness

Answer 9