AP0509 Component 2 Exam > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Many forms of epithelial tissue

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • pseudostratified
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2
Q

Main function of respiratory system

A
  • allows passage from nose/mouth to alveoli
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3
Q

Upper conducting portion

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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4
Q

Lower conducting portion

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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5
Q

Respiratory portion

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs and alveoli
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6
Q

Types of bronchus

A
  • primary bronchus
  • secondary (lobar) bronchus
  • tertiary (segmental) bronchus
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7
Q

Types of lobes

A
  • superior lobe (right and left)
  • middle lobe
  • inferior lobe
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8
Q

Olfaction

A
  • olfactory mucosa in nasal cavity
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9
Q

Phonation

A
  • vocal folds
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10
Q

Conduction and conditioning of air

A
  • transport of air to respiratory portion
  • warmth
  • air clearance
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11
Q

Gaseous exchange

A
  • respiratory portion - blood-gas barrier
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12
Q

Endocrine

A
  • hormones

- neuroendocrine cells

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13
Q

Immune functions

A
  • bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

- alveolar macrophages

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14
Q

Vestibule (nasal cavity)

A
  • cartilage framework
  • stratified squamous (skin)
  • short firm hairs (vibrissae)
  • sweat and sebaceous glands
  • Glands and vibrissae trap large particles
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15
Q

Respiratory portion (nasal cavity)

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Vessels (capillaries) lined up perpendicular to
    the airflow warms the air.
  • Clinical correlate: nasal congestion
  • Turbinates increase the surface area covered by
    respiratory mucosa
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16
Q

Olfactory region (nasal cavity)

A
  • Found at the roof of nasal cavity and the superior
    nasal conchae.
  • Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with
    four cell types.
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17
Q

Infections in nasal cavity

A
  • Allergic reactions or viral infections (e.g., common
    cold)
  • Rhinitis/coryza (Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane)
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18
Q

What happens in these infections of nasal cavity?

A
  • Capillaries that reside near the surface of the lamina propria become engorged
  • Lamina propria becomes distended with fluid
  • Marked swelling of the mucous membrane
  • Restriction of the air passage
  • Breathing difficult.
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19
Q

Serous Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands

A
  • produce serous fluid that bathes the olfactory cilia + serves as a solvent to dissolve odour molecules for detection by the olfactory cells.
  • Their secretory units lies in the the lamina propria
  • Acinar cells have lipofuscin granules
  • Serous secretion; lysozyme and IgA
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20
Q

Cell types in olfactory epithelium

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • supportive
  • brush cells
  • basal cells
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21
Q

Cell types of respiratory epithelium

A
  • Ciliated columnar cells
  • Mucus cells
  • Brush cells
  • Small granule
  • Basal cells
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22
Q

Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified)

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A
  • Lines most of the conducting part of the respiratory system
  • Ciliated columnar cells
  • Mucus cells
  • Brush cells with microvilli
  • Small granule
  • Basal cells
23
Q

Ciliated columnar cells

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A
  • Histology; Columnar and extend to surface 250 cilia
  • Function; Sweeping motion helps expel particles trapped
    in mucus
  • Clinical note; Primary ciliary dyskinesia in Kartegener’s syndrome
24
Q

Mucus cells

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A
  • histology; short blunt microvilli
  • function; Secretes mucin granules which forms a protective barrier
  • clinical note; Increased in smokers and chronic inflammation
25
Brush cells
- histology; columnar and extend to the apical surface - short microvilli - function; synapse with afferent nerves - sensory function - clinical note; sensory receptors – transduction of sensation
26
Small granule or Kulchitsky cells
- histology; Most numerous at bifurcation of primary bronchi - basal granules - function; Enteroendocrine cells; Secrete catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, serotonin and bombesin - clinical note; Primary cells affected in small cell carcinoma of the lung
27
Basal cells
- histology; near basement membrane | - function; stem cells that regenerate all other cell types
28
Kartagener syndrome - immotile cilia syndrome
- genetic disorder - (autosomal recessive) involving mutation in genes that code for ciliary proteins (dynein). - results in situs inversus (organ reversal as a result of faulty migration during embryogenesis) , recurrent sinus and pulmonary infections ( inability to move mucus), and sterility.
29
Larynx
- tubular region between the pharynx and trachea - skeletal framework consists of plates of hyaline cartilage - functions include air conduction and phonation
30
Mucosa in trachea
- RE - Respiratory epithelium - LP - lamina propria --> loose connective tissue - Longitudinal elastic fibers in deep LP
31
Submucosa in trachea
- loose connective tissue | - seromucous glands
32
Cartilaginous layer in trachea
- C-shaped hyaline - open posteriorly “Gap” between free cartilage ends is completed by a fibroelastic membrane and Trachealis muscle (smooth)
33
Adventitia in trachea
- connective tissue - binds trachea to adjacent structures
34
Bronchi
- Primary or main bronchi are structurally like trachea - Primary bronchi --> 2-3 secondary bronchi --> total 8 -10 tertiary or segmental bronchi per lung - Segmental bronchi supply a bronchopulmonary segment - can also be classified as; extrapulmonary or intrapulmonary: surrounded by lung tissue
35
Mucosa of bronchi
- respiratory epithelium
36
Muscular layer of bronchi
- Spirally oriented smooth muscles in --> regulates the airway diameter
37
Submucosa of bronchi
- Loose CT with sero-mucus glands (Gl) in larger bronchi
38
Cartilage layer of bronchi
- extrapulmonary bronchi - cartilage rings | - intrapulmonary bronchi - cartilage plates (CP)
39
Adventitia of bronchi
- connective tissue in the extrapulmonary part then surrounded by lung tissue in intrapulmonary bronchi
40
Squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium
- Columnar to squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium • Basal cells generate squamous cell • Smoking: loss of ciliated cell activity --> cough --> metaplasia • Bronchitis, bronchiectasis --> Chronic cough --> metaplasia • Metaplasia --> dysplasia --> squamous cell carcinoma
41
Bronchioles
- Diameter is 1 mm or less | - Larger (regular) bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles (B) --> respiratory bronchioles (RB)
42
Larger bronchioles
- Ciliated, pseudostratified columnar that transition into simple ciliated columnar (Goblet cells present)
43
Smaller bronchioles (terminal and respiratory)
- simple cuboidal with secretory club (Clara) cells interspersed among ciliated cells (no Goblet cells) • No subepithelial glands • Smooth muscle replaces cartilage plates (branching points may contain small elements of cartilage)
44
Bronchial asthma
- inflammatory airway disease - symptoms; short breath, wheezing and coughing - airway obstruction; increased mucus, increased smooth muscle, bronchiolar wall inflammation - treated with; Albuterol (β2 agonist), anticholinergic medications which relax the smooth muscles, Corticosteroids - anti-inflammatory
45
Epithelium change in respiratory tract
- ciliated pseudostratified - ciliated simple columnar - ciliated simple cuboidal - simple squamous
46
Typical changes at the respiratory tract descends
- loss of cartilage and mucous glands - loss of goblet cells - loss of cilia - cells also become progressively flattened (squamous)
47
Type I pneumocytes
- Squamous cells which line 95% of alveolar surface - Terminal cells not capable of mitosis. - Surface is covered by surfactant
48
Type II pneumocytes
- Cuboidal cells which secrete surfactant - Found at the septal junctions --> AKA septal cells - Most numerous but cover only 5% of alveolar surface - Apical lamellar bodies --> foamy appearance
49
Alveolar surfactant
- adequate amount of surfactant is produced after 35th week of gestation. - Regulated by cortisol, insulin, thyroxin and prolactin
50
Neonatal respiratory distress
- Premature infants especially < 28 weeks old - Management: Exogenous surfactant at birth - Glucocorticoids to the mother with possible preterm delivery a few days prior to.
51
Interalveolar septum
- Contains: Collagen fibres, Elastic fibres (pulmonary recoil), Continuous capillaries, permanent and transient cells. - site of the air-blood barrier - Adjacent alveoli communicate through alveolar pores (of Kohn) which allows collateral airflow --> spread of Pneumonia
52
Pulmonary effects of cigarette smoking
- Loss of cilia - Mucus gland hyperplasia - Increased number of goblet cells - Histological changes (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium to squamous metaplasia)
53
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Large alveolar air spaces giving reduced functional efficiency - Neutrophils release proteases including elastase, which break down elastic fibers in the small airways - Serum Alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT) counteracts the elastase activity. - Persistent smoking elevates the neutrophils and elastase levels --> increased destruction of elastic fibers --> leads to permanent dilation of airways
54
Cystic fibrosis
- autosomal recessive, mutation of both copies of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein and chloride channel - diagnosed by sweat test for concentration of chloride excreted in sweat + by genetic testing - channel protein is involved in alteration of mucus + digestive secretions, sweat and tears - almost all exocrine glands secrete abnormally viscid mucus that obstructs the glands and their excretory ducts
AP0509 Component 2 Exam
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