Respiratory System

Question 1

Divisions of the respiratory System

Answer 1

• Upper tract: nose, pharynx and associated structures
• Lower tract: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and the tubing within the lungs

Question 2

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Answer 2

• Passageway for air
• Cleans the air
• Humidifies, warms air
• Smell
• Along with paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech

Question 3

Pharynx

Answer 3

• Contributes to swallowing
• Three regions
  ○ Nasopharynx
  ○ Oropharynx
  ○ Laryngopharynx

Question 4

Larynx

Answer 4

• Vestibular folds or false vocal folds: prevent food and liquids from entering larynx during swallowing
• True vocal cords or vocal folds: sound production. Opening between is glottis
• FUNCTION:
  ○ Passageway for air movement
  ○ Prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx
  ○ Sound production

Question 5

Trachea

Answer 5

Trachealis: contracts during coughing
Carina: initiate the cough reflex

Question 6

Respiratory Zone

Answer 6

• Function: gas exchange
• Respiratory bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> alveoli -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs
• Macrophages: removes debris

Question 7

Pneumocytes types

Answer 7

• Type I: thin, forms 90% of alveolus, gas exchange
• Type II: round/cube shape, secretory cells, produce surfactant

Question 8

Thoracic Wall

Answer 8

• Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum and associated muscles
• Thoracic cavity: space enclosed by thoracic wall and diaphragm
• Diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

Question 9

Breathing

Answer 9

• Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalenes
• Expiration: muscles that depress the ribs and sternum: abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

Question 10

Pleurals of the Respiratory system

Answer 10

• Pleural cavity: surrounds each lung (pleural membrane), filled with pleural fluid
  ○ Pleural fluid: lubricant, holds the two membranes close together (adhesion)
• Visceral pleura: adherent to lung
• Parietal pleura: adherent to internal thoracic wall

Question 11

Blood and lymphatic system of lung

Answer 11

Blood
○ Pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood
○ Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood to heart
○ Bronchial arteries: bring blood to tissues of the bronchi
Lymphatic
○ Superficial vessels: drains superficial lung tissue and visceral pleura
○ Deep vessels: drain bronchi and associated C.T.
○ No lymphatic drain alveoli