Respiratory System

Question 1

Respiratory systems main function

Answer 1

Resp system works in function with cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems to provide necessary gas exchange for the body
- TDRL:
“Necessary gas exchange for the body”
Remove CO2
Regulate blood pH

Question 2

Upper airway (4)

Answer 2

Nose
Larynx
Sinuses
Trachea

Question 3

Upper airway function (3)

Answer 3

1. Vocalization
2. Warm and humidify air
3. Protect lower airway from debris
   - Sneezing
   - Coughing
   - Gag

Question 4

Ventilation:
Inspiration, how does it work?

Answer 4

Pleural cavity negative pressure in chest when diaphragm expands
- Air rushes into lungs

Question 5

How does expiration work?

Answer 5

1. Relaxation of diaphragm
2. Elastic recoil of lung
3. Air pressure differential
4. Air rushes out of lungs

Question 6

Nasal Planum is a hairless ____ portion of the nose that is ____ due to sweat glands

Answer 6

1. Rostral portion
2. Moist due to sweat glands

Question 7

Nasal Septum is ___ inside the nasal chamber. It divides nose into ___ & ____ halves.

Answer 7

1. Cartilage
2. Left & right

Question 8

Turbinates (conchae)
What is it?
Function

Answer 8

1. Scroll-like bones inside the nose that are covered with mucous membranes
2. Function:
   - To increase surface area inside the nose
   - Warm & humidify air
   - Remove particle debris

Question 9

Paranasal Sinuses
What is it?
Function

Answer 9

1. Air filled cavities in the skull that connect to the nose
2. Function:
   - Make head lighter in weight & protect structures within head
   - Connection of the cheek teeth into the maxillary sinus (horses)
   - Connection of developed horns to frontal sinus (cattle)

Question 10

Guttural Pouches are a unique structure of the horse.
What are they?

Answer 10

• Large, air filled pouches that open into nasopharynx
• It is expansion of the eustachian tube of the middle ear

Question 11

Guttural pouch function
Medical importance

Answer 11

1. Function:
   - Cool blood flow to the brain during exercise by absorbing heat from carotid arteries
2. Importance
   - Disease of guttural pouch can effect cranial nerves VII, IX-XII causing sig neurological signs.
   - This can lead to erosion of the carotid artery causing sometimes deadly hemorrhage.

Question 12

T/F: Pigs have a flat bone tip of the nose for their nasal planum

Answer 12

True! This may be due to “rooting.”
Called the rostral bone

Question 13

Where is the larynx?
What is it?

Answer 13

• Region in the back of the throat
• Composed of a set of cartilage in shape of rigid box
• Connected to bones of hyoid apparatus

Question 14

Larynx function

Answer 14

• “Gatekeeper” to trachea. Closes to protect trachea from food & water entering during swallow.
• Phonation (sound)
• Will dilate for increased air movement during heavy exercise or excitement

Question 15

List the five cartilages composed of the larynx

Hint: Think of the parts that make up the larynx

Answer 15

1. Epiglottis
2. Arytenoids
3. Arytenoids (there’s two of them)
4. Thyroid cartilage
5. Cricoid cartilage

Question 16

Epiglottis
Shape
Function

Answer 16

1. Triangluar shape cartilage at base of tongue
2. Covers larynx during swallowing

Often needs to be pushed downward during intubation

Question 17

Glottis meaning
Function

Answer 17

1. Vocal unit
2. Vocal cords and the space between them

Question 18

Arytenoids
What they are
Function

Answer 18

1. Vocal cords attached to the arytenoids
2. Function
   - Protect trachea from foreign material
   - Movements of arytenoids change pitch of voice

Question 19

Failure of arytenoids to move normally causes… (2)

Answer 19

1. Airway obstruction
2. Important diseases in horses (roaring) and dogs (laryngeal paralysis)

Question 20

Trachea
Shape/location:
What it is:

Answer 20

1. Shape/location:
   - Composed of “C” shaped cartilage connected dorsally by annular ligaments and muscle
2. What it is:
   - Large airway that connects larynx to bronchi of lungs

Question 21

Lungs are the location of ___ exchange

Answer 21

Gas exchange

Question 22

List in the order of the lung airways: (“Largest to smallest”)
Alvoeli
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Bronchus

Answer 22

1. Bronchus
2. Bronchioles
3. Alveolar ducts
4. Alveoli
   This is the only site of gas exchange!

Question 23

What is surfactant?
What does it allow the body to do?

Answer 23

Mixture of phospholipids that decrease surface tension of fluids in alveoli, allowing them to remain open with exhale

Question 24

Lung lobes are unique to ___ & ___ as they have an accessory lung lobe that branches off the ___ cranial to the bifurcation

Answer 24

1. Ruminants & pigs
2. Trachea

Question 25

T/F: The accessory lung, lung lobes, decreases the chances of contracting pneumonia

Answer 25

False! This will increase chances of getting pneumonia

Question 26

Pleura What is it? Function:

Answer 26

1. What is it? - The lining tissue of the thorax that contains the lungs in two separate sacs 2. Function: - Produces a small amount of fluid that lubricates tissues, decreasing friction caused by breathing

Question 27

Pleura Medical Importance:

Answer 27

May collect excess fluid, free air, & infection in certain disease. Such abnormalities greatly inhibit the lung's ability to expand and ventilate.

Question 28

Mediastinum What is it? What does it contain?

Answer 28

The space between the pleural sacs which contains the heart, esophagus, and giant vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc)