1
Q
The ____ provides for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood.
A
Respiratory System
2
Q
Anatomical Regions of the Respiratory System
A
- Upper Respiratory Tract
- Lower Respiratory Tract
3
Q
Functional Divisions of the Respiratory System
A
- Ventilating Mechanism
- Conducting Portions
- Respiratory Portions
4
Q
The ____ creates pressure differences that move air in and out of the lungs.
A
Ventilating Mechanism
5
Q
Structures Involved in Ventilating Mechanism
A
- Diaphragm
- Intercostal muscles
- Abdominal muscles
- Elastic connective tissue
6
Q
The ____ are the different groups of muscles that run between the ribs.
A
Intercostal Muscles
7
Q
The ____ carries the air to and from the site of exchange.
A
Conducting Portion
8
Q
____ conditions air (filtering, moistening, and warming).
A
Conducting portions
9
Q
Structures Involved in Conducting Portions
A
- Nasal cavity
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
10
Q
The ____ functions for gaseous exchange.
A
Respiratory Portions
11
Q
Structures Involved in Respiratory Portions
A
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
12
Q
The ____ is the functional unit of the respiratory system.
A
Alveoli
13
Q
Wall Structure of the Respiratory System
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscle Layer / Cartilage
- Adventitia
14
Q
The mucosa of the respiratory system is lined by ____.
A
Respiratory Epithelium
15
Q
Respiratory Epithelium is made up of ____.
A
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
16
Q
The mucosa contains ____.
A
- Respiratory Epithelium
- Lamina Propria (rich in blood vessels, mucous and serous glands)
17
Q
The ____ is rich in blood vessels, mucous and serous glands.
A
Lamina Propria
18
Q
The submucosa of the respiratory system is made up of ____.
A
Smooth Muscle
19
Q
The ____ is a wall structure of the respiratory system that prevents collapse.
A
Muscle layer or Cartilage
20
Q
The ____ is a wall structure of the respiratory system made up of connective tissue.
A
Adventitia
21
Q
The adventitia is made up of ____.
A
Connective tissue
22
Q
Epithelial Cell Types Present in Respiratory System
A
- Ciliated Columnar Cells
- Mucus Goblet Cells
- Brush Cells
- Basal Cells
- Small Granular Cells
23
Q
____ are the predominant cell type of the respiratory system.
A
Ciliated Columnar Cells
24
Q
The ____ contain basal nuclei and apical domains filled with granules of mucin glycoproteins.
A
Mucus Goblet Cells
25
Mucus goblet cells contain ____.
basal nuclei and apical domains filled with mucin glycoprotein granules
26
Mucus goblet cells contain basal nuclei and apical domains filled with granules of ____.
mucin glycoprotein
27
____ secrete mucus with IgA.
Goblet Cells
28
Goblet cells secrete ____.
mucus with IgA
29
____ secrete mucin, and functions as a lubricant for protection.
Mucus Goblet Cells
30
____ lack cilia, but contains abundant microvilli with free nerve endings for sensory reception.
Brush Cells
31
Brush cells lack ____.
cilia
32
Brush cells contains ____.
abundant microvilli with free nerve endings
33
____ are mitotically active stem and progenitor cells that give rise to other epithelial cell types.
Basal Cells
34
____ contains many of the small cytoplasmic granules.
Small Granular Cells
35
____ undergo metaplasia.
Small Granular Cells
36
Small granular cells undergo ____.
metaplasia
37
The ____ lie within the skull as two cavernous chambers separated by the nasal septum.
Nasal Cavities
38
The nasal cavities are separated by the ____.
Nasal septum
39
The ____ are bone-like projections.
Conchae
40
Conchae is also known as ____.
Turbinate bone
41
Components of the Nasal Cavity
* Vestibule
* Internal Nasal Cavity
42
____ is found in the vestibule.
Nostrils (nares)
43
The nostrils (nares) is found in the ____.
vestibule
44
The ____ functions in preliminary filtration of inspired air.
Nostrils (nares)
45
The nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses are lined by ____.
Respiratory Mucosa
46
____ adjusts the temperature and humidity of inspired air.
Internal Nasal Cavity
47
The ____ is a specialized region of the mucous membrane covering the superior conchae at the roof of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory Epithelium
48
Components of the Olfactory Epithelium
* Olfactory Neurons
* Supporting Cells
* Stem / Basal Cells
49
The ____ send nerve impulses that pass through the cribform plate of the ethmoid bone.
Olfactory Neurons
50
____ are columnar, with narrow bases and broad, cylindrical apexes containing the nuclei and extending microvilli into the fluid layer.
Supporting Cells
51
____ contain abundant ion channels.
Supporting Cells
52
____ helps to maintain a microenvironment conducive to olfactory function.
Supporting Cells
53
____ are small, spherical, or cone-shaped cells near the basal lamina.
Stem or Basal Cells
54
____ replaces olfactory neurons.
Stem or Basal Cells
55
Stem or basal cells replace ____.
Olfactory Neurons
56
The lamina propria contains ____.
Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman
57
____ produce constant flow of fluid.
Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman
58
____ provide access of new odoriferous substances.
Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman
59
The ____ is the first part of the nasopharynx.
Pharynx
60
Pharynx contains ____.
Respiratory Epithelium
61
Pharynx is made up of ____.
Respiratory Epithelium
62
____ connects to the middle ear cavity.
Pharynx
63
The ____ is also known as "voice box".
Larynx
64
Larynx contains ____.
Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage
64
____ is the passage of air between the pharynx and trachea.
Larynx
65
____ is made up of Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage.
Larynx
66
____ functions as structural support and sound production.
Larynx
67
Folds in the Larynx
* Vestibular folds
* Vocal folds (or cords)
68
Tissue Composition of Vestibular Folds
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium
69
Tissue Composition of Vocal Folds
Vocalis Muscle
70
The ____ change pitch and sound of the voice.
Vocalis muscle
71
____ have features important for phonatin or sound production.
Vocal Folds (or cords)
72
Vestibular and Vocal folds are separated by ____.
ventricles
73
The ____ is a flattened structure projecting from the upper rim of the larynx.
Epiglottis
74
The ____ prevents swallowed food from entering the air passageways.
Epiglottis
75
Tissue Composition of Epiglottis
* Stratified Squamous Epithelium
* Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
76
Regions of the Epiglottis
* Upper/Lingual Surface
* Laryngeal Surface
77
Tissue Composition of the Upper/Lingual Surface of Epiglottis
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
78
Tissue Composition of the Laryngeal Surface of Epiglottis
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
79
Trachea is lined with ____.
Respiratory Mucosa
80
The trachea contains numerous ____.
Seromucous glands
81
____ producses watery mucus.
Seromucous glands
82
____ is supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, open ends of the cartilage rings are on the posterior surface, against the esophagus, and are bridged by a bundle of smooth muscle.
Trachea
83
Tissue Composition of Trachea
* Hyaline Cartilage
* Smooth Muscle (Trachealis Muscle)
84
The trachea is bridged by ____.
Trachealis muscle
85
Tissue Composition of Trachealis Muscle
* Smooth Muscle
* Fibroelastic Tissue
86
The trachealis muscle ____ when swallowing.
relaxes
87
The trachealis muscle ____ when coughing.
contracts
88
The bronchial tree is lined by ____.
Respiratory Mucosa
89
The branches of the bronchial tree have bands of ____ and ____.
Smooth muscle and Hyaline cartilage
90
The branches of the bronchial tree have a diameter of ____.
1 mm or less
91
The bronchioles are lined with ____.
Simple Columnar or Cuboidal Ciliated Cells
92
The ____ are the last branches to lack alveoli.
Terminal Bronchioles
93
Terminal bronchioles are lined by ____.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
94
____ consists largely of club cells or bronchiolar exocrine cells (previously called Clara cells), with non-ciliated, dome-shaped apical ends containing secretory granules.
Cuboidal Epithelium
95
____ functions in secretion of surfactant lipoproteins and mucins in the fluid layer on the epithelial surface.
Cuboidal Epithelium
96
____ functions in detoxification of inhaled xenobiotic compounds by enzymes of the SER.
Cuboidal Epithelium
97
____ functions in secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines for local immune defense.
Cuboidal Epithelium
98
The ____ resembles the mucosa of terminal bronchioles, except for having a few openings to alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory Bronchioles
99
The distal ends of respiratory bronchioles branch into tubes called ____.
Alveolar ducts
100
Composition of Respiratory Bronchioles
* Lamina Propria
* Epithelium
101
Tissue Composition of the Lamina Propria of Respiratory Bronchioles
* Smooth Muscle
* Elastic Connective Tissue
102
____ consists of club cells, with simple squamous cells at the alveolar openings and extending into the alveolus.
Epithelium (Respiratory Bronchioles)
103
The ____ are sac-like evaginations from the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
Alveoli
104
The ____ is responsible for the spongy structure of the lungs.
Alveoli
105
The alveoli is separated by thin walls of ____.
Interalveolar Septum
106
The air in the alveoli is separated from capillary blood by the ____.
Respiratory Membrane or Blood-Air Barrier
107
Septum may be interrupted by ____.
Pores of Kohn (alveolar pores)
108
____ relieve or equalize pressure and allow collateral circulation.
Pores of Kohn (alveolar pores)
109
Blood Barrier Components
1. Thin cells lining the alveolus
2. The fused basal laminae thin cells and endothelial cells
3. The thin capillary endothelial cells
110
Types of Alveolar Cells
* Type 1 Pneumocytes
* Type 2 Pneumocytes
* Alveolar Macrophages/Dust cells
Human Histology
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