Respiratory System 2

Question 1

Pressure during inspiration

Answer 1

atmospheric pressure > alveolar pressure & alveolar pressure > intrapleural pressure

Question 2

Muscles and function during normal inspiration

Answer 2

diaphragm - contraction creates larger thoracic cavity
external intercostals - ribs upward and outward

Question 3

Pressure during expiration

Answer 3

pressure within lungs greater than atmospheric pressure

Question 4

How does normal expiration work

Answer 4

passive - muscles relax, lungs decrease in volume, increase pressure in cavity, gradient causes air to leave

Question 5

What is quiet breathing

Answer 5

occurs at rest
(normal inspiration and expiration)

Question 6

What its diaphragmatic breathing

Answer 6

deep breathing
(diaphragm contracts and relaxes)
- requires cognitive thought

Question 7

What is costal breathing

Answer 7

shallow breathing (contraction and relaxation of intercostals)
- requires cognitive thought

Question 8

Which direction does the diaphragm move when it contacts

Answer 8

inferiorly

Question 9

What is forced breathing

Answer 9

uses accessory muscles on top of usual respiratory muscles to force inspiration and expiration

Question 10

Respiratory volume

Answer 10

term used for various volumes of air within the lungs at a given point in respiration

Question 11

Types of respiratory volumes

Answer 11

tidal
inspiratory reserve
expiratory reserve
residual

Question 12

Tidal volume

Answer 12

amount off air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing (500mL)

Question 13

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 13

extra volume that can be inhaled during forced inspiration

Question 14

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 14

amount of air you can forcefully exhale past tidal expiration

Question 15

Residual volume

Answer 15

air left within the lungs after full exhale

Question 16

Respiratory capacity

Answer 16

combination of two or more volumes, describes amount of air in lungs at a given time

Question 17

Types of respiratory capacities

Answer 17

total lung capacity
vital capacity
inspiratory capacity
functional residual capacity

Question 18

Total lung capacity

Answer 18

sum of all lung volumes
- 6000mL men
- 4200mL women

Question 19

Vital capacity

Answer 19

amount of air a person can move in/out of lungs
(all volumes except residual)
- 3000-5000mL

Question 20

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 20

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled
- tidal + inspiratory reserve

Question 21

Functional residual capacity

Answer 21

amount of air remaining in lungs after normal tidal expiration
- expiratory reserve + residual

Question 22

Types of dead space

Answer 22

-anatomical deal space (air that is present in airway but never reaches lungs)
-alveolar dead space ( air within dysfunctional alveoli)
-total dead space

Question 23

Respiratory rate

Answer 23

total number of breaths occurring each minute

Question 24

Primary respiratory centre location

Answer 24

medulla oblongata

Question 25

Two groups of primary respiratory centre

Answer 25

dorsal respiratory group & ventral respiratory group

Question 26

Dorsal respiratory group function

Answer 26

primary maintain constant breathing rhythm - activates neurons to result in inspiration

Question 27

Ventral respiratory group function

Answer 27

forced inspiration/expiration - stimulate accessory muscles

Question 28

Second respiratory centre location

Answer 28

pons

Question 29

Second respiratory centre function

Answer 29

help stimulate neurons in DRG - how much to increase/decrease

Question 30

Types of ventilation control chemoreceptors

Answer 30

central chemoreceptors & peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 31

What is the major factor the stimulates respiratory control

Answer 31

blood CO2 concentration

Question 32

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 32

located in brain and brainstem - controls ventilation at rest - responds to changes in CO2

Question 33

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 33

located in carotid bodies and aortic arch - rapid response - responds to CO2 and O2 changes

Question 34

What happens when blood CO2 increases

Answer 34

-Causes bicarbonate buffer system to increase H+ -Leads to decrease in pH -Triggers central and peripheral chemoreceptors -Receptors stimulate respiratory centers to contract diaphragm and Ei -Increases rate/depth of respiration -Allows more CO2 to be expelled, decreasing H+ in blood and raises pH

Question 35

What happens when blood CO2 decreases

Answer 35

-Cause low H+ and increase pH -Leads to decrease in firing rate of central and peripheral chemoreceptors -Cause decrease in stimulation of respiratory centers -Leads to decreased rate and depth of pulmonary ventilation (slow/shallow breathing) -Allows CO2 to build up in blood and decrease pH

Question 36

Daltons law

Answer 36

a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure , the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of all partial pressure

Question 37

Partial pressure of oxygen

Answer 37

160mmHg

Question 38

Partial pressure of nitrogen

Answer 38

593mmHg

Question 39

Partial pressure CO2

Answer 39

too small to take into consideration for physiology

Question 40

Partial pressures within alveoli

Answer 40

O2: 105mmHg CO2: 40mmHg

Question 41

Why is the partial pressure of gas in alveoli lower than atmosphere

Answer 41

mixes with gas that is always in lungs

Question 42

Partial pressures in oxygenated blood

Answer 42

O2: 100mmHg CO2: 40mmHg

Question 43

Partial pressures in tissue cells and deoxygenated blood

Answer 43

O2: 40mmHg CO2: 45mmHg

Question 44

How do gases move during respiration

Answer 44

from high to low pressure

Question 45

Henry's law

Answer 45

concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to solubility and partial pressure of the gas

Question 46

Why is the difference in pressure and solubility of gases relevant for gas exchange

Answer 46

O2 not soluble but high pressure CO2 very soluble but low pressure

Question 47

Rate of diffusion formula

Answer 47

surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability / membrane thickness

Question 48

atmospheric air vs alveolar air

Answer 48

- alveolar air has more CO2 and less O2 - alveolar air has more H2O

Question 49

External vs Internal respiration

Answer 49

External: in lungs - O2 picked up - CO2 released Internal: in tissues - O2 released - CO2 picked up