All of the following are part of the conduction zone except the ____?
a. main bronchi b. respiratory bronchioles c. segmental bronchioles d. terminal bronchioles
b. respiratory bronchioles
An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container?
a. increase in the pressure b. decrease in the pressure c. no effect d. a temporary effect
b. decrease in the pressure
Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing?
a. surfactant b. intrapulmonary pressure c. transpulmonary pressure d. intrapleural pressure
c. transpulmonary pressure
The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a gas mixture is the ____ of that gas.
a. partial force b. partial percentage c. partial volume d. partial pressure
d. partial pressure
The rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane depends upon all of the following except ____?
a. the thickness of the respiratory membrane b. partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli c. partial pressure of oxygen in the blood d. partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
d. partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Haemoglobin has the highest affinity for which of the following?
a. O2 b. CO2 c. CO d. H+
c. CO
Which of the following will increase haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?
a. a decrease in pH b. an increase in Pco2 c. an increase in temperature d. the presence of some O2 already bound to the haemoglobin
d. the presence of some O2 already bound to the haemoglobin
A decrease in pH will have what effect in the respiration rate?
a. decrease b. increase c. no effect d. no effect unless lung damage is present
b. increase
Which of the following structures would be least vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity?
a. brain b. spleen c. muscles d. costal muscles
d. costal muscles
Emphysema can result in an ____?
a. Increased level of carbaminohaemoglobin b. Increased level of deoxyhaemoglobin c. Increased likelihood of the skin of caucasians developing a slightly blue colouration d. All of the listed responses are correct
d. All the listed responses are correct
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport ?
a. Chemically bound to haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin b. Chemically bound to haemoglobin as oxyhaemoglobin c. Dissolved in the plasma d. As bicarbonate ions in the plasma
d. As bicarbonate ions in the plasma
Order of carbon dioxide transport through gas exchange
Carbon dioxide released from the mitochondria > Carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary > Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs > Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveolus > Air exits through the mouth and nose
Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?
a. an increase in blood pH b. reduced o2 levels c. arterial pH d. rising carbon dioxide levels
d. rising carbon dioxide levels
excessive co2 is a powerful stimulant to respiratory rate, as the brain assumes that when co2 levels are high, the o2 levels must be correspondingly low.
____ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the ____.
a. o2; pulmonary cavities b. o2; alveoli c. co2; alveoli d. co2; pulmonary capillaries
c. co2; alveoli
co2 diffuses along its partial pressure gradient from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli until equilibrium is reached
Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for co2, why is there as much co2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is o2?
a. co2 is much more soluble in blood than o2 b. the capillary walls are more permeable to co2 than o2 c. co2 is a smaller molecule and diffuses faster than o2
a. co2 is much more soluble in blood than o2
Because co2 is very soluble in blood, it doesn’t require as large a pressure gradient as o2
How much would the partial pressures of o2 and co2 change in an exercising muscle?
a. the partial pressures of o2 and co2 would remain unchanged b. the partial pressure of o2 would increase, and the partial pressure of co2 would decrease c. the partial pressure of o2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of co2 would increase
c. the partial pressure of o2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of co2 would increase.
cells use o2 and produce co2 during cellular respiration to produce ATP. Exercising muscles need more ATP
True/False
During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for o2 when the partial pressure for o2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same
True
Which way would o2 and co2 diffuse during internal respiration?
a. o2 would diffuse into the cells, and co2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries b. o2 would diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries and co2 would diffuse into the alveoli c. both o2 and co2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries d. o2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries, and co2 would diffuse into the cells
a. o2 would diffuse into the cells, and co2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries
the Po2 would be higher in the systemic capillaries , and the Pco2 would be higher in the tissues.
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
a. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid b. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures c. compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid d. compliance and transpulmonary pressures
a. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Which of the following isnt a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?
a. alveolar surface tension b. airway resistance c. lung compliance d. partial pressure of oxygen in the air
d. partial pressure of oxygen in the air
pulmonary ventilation is affected by pressure of air in various respiratory structures. partial pressure of individual gases in the air affect the diffusion and dissolving of these gases into and out of the blood
The statement ‘in a mixture of gases, the total pressure in the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture’ paraphrases which law?
a. charles’ law b. henry’s law c. boyle’s law d. dalton’s law
d. dalton’s law
The Bohr effect describes the tendency for haemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which conditions?
a. increased pH and Pco2 b. decreased pH and increased Pco2 c. increased pH and decreased Pco2 d. decreased pH and Pco2
b. decreased pH and increased Pco2
True/False?
More co2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs
False
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?
a. oxygen needs of cells b. arterial blood oxygen levels c. arterial blood carbon dioxide level d. arterial blood pH
c. arterial blood carbon dioxide level
