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Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three principle functions of respiration?

A
  1. Air conduction
  2. Air filtration
  3. Gas exchange
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2
Q

What are the two portions of the airway?

A

Conducting system

Respiratory system

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3
Q

What comprises the respiratory system of the airway?

A

alveoli

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4
Q

What is the function of the conducting airways?

A

Transport, conditioning, and filtering

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5
Q

What are the four structures of the extrapulmonary conducting airway?

A
  1. Nasal vestibule and cavity
  2. Nasopharynx and oropharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea and primary bronchi
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6
Q

What structure gives rise to the lobular bronchioles?

A

terminal bronchi

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7
Q

What part of the bronchi undergoes divisions, giving rise to 20 division?

A

Tertiary bronchi

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8
Q

What is anthracosis? Where does it occur?

A

Deposition of carbon in macrophages, occurring in the lymph vessels around secondary pulmonary lobules

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9
Q

Lymphangitic spread of tumors may show nodules within what structure?

A

the interlobular septa of the secondary pulmonary lobule

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10
Q

Each terminal bronchiole and its respiratory bronchiolar branches supply what structyres?

A

Pulmonary acinus

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11
Q

What is the branching that occurs after the bronchiole?

A

Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveoli

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12
Q

Each respiratory bronchiole supplies what structure?

A

Respiratory bronchioloar unit

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13
Q

What are the four structures that make up the respiratory airways?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchiolar unit
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
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14
Q

What type of epithelium covers the olfactory region of the nasopharynx?

A

pseudostratified columnar

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15
Q

What underlies the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium?

A

Lamina propria

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16
Q

What is the division between the extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary systems?

A

Between the bronchi and the secondary bronchi

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17
Q

What are the four cell types that reside in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Sustentacular cells
  3. Brush cells
  4. Basal cells
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18
Q

What type of neurons at the olfactory receptor cells?

A

Bipolar neurons

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19
Q

What is the olfactory vesicle part of the bipolar neuron? What projects from this?

A

The single dendrite at the apical surface of the epithelium

6-8, nonmotile cilia project from this

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20
Q

Where does the basal axon of the olfactory receptor cells go?

A

Penetrates the basal lamina to enter the lamina propria

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21
Q

What en-sheathes the axon of the olfactor receptor cell in the lamina propria?

A

a special type of glial cell sharing the properties of astrocytes and non-myelinating Schwann cells

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22
Q

The sustentacular (supporting) cells of the olfactory epithelium are of what shape, with what specialization?

A

Columnar cells with apical microvilli forming a striated border

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23
Q

What is the function of the Sustentacular (supporting) cells? (2)

A
  1. Provide support and nourishment for olfactory cells

2. insulate the olfactory cells from one another

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24
Q

What imparts the yellow-brown pigementation to the sustentacular cells?

A

Lipofuscin

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25
The brush cells of the olfactory epithelium are in contact with what nerve? What specialization does their apical domain have?
CN V Apical domain has microvilli
26
Where are the basal cells of the olfactory epithelium found? What is their function?
Anchored to the basal lamina Function = regeneration
27
The lobular (primary) bronchiole supplies what structure?
a secondary pulmonary lobule
28
Each secondary lobule is surrounded by a septum. What does each septum have?
vessels, lymph
29
What is the branching that occurs after the lobular bronchiole?
Terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, and alveoli
30
What do terminal bronchioles supple?
A pulmonary acinus
31
What do respiratory bronchioles supply?
a primary pulmonary lobule
32
Where do the lymphatic and venous system travel in the secondary pulmonary lobules?
In the septa
33
What are the three major components of the olfactory mucosa?
Epithlium, basal lamina, lamina propria
34
Which part of the bipolar neurons that make up the olfactory receptor cells actually receive signals?
The 6-8 nonmotile cilia
35
What is distinct about the olfactory epithelium?
Pseudostratified nuclei are MORE distributed throughout the epithelium
36
What are Bowman's glands?
The olfactory glans in the olfactory epithelium
37
What are swell bodies?
Cellular bodies that intermittently swell on one side of the nasopharyx, or the other at any given time
38
What are the three histological characteristics/cell type of the olfactor epithelium?
Bowman's glands Unmyelindated nerve bundles swell bodies
39
The mucosa of the larynx is continuous with what structure below, and above?
``` above = pharynx Below = trachea ```
40
What type of epithelum covers the larynx? (respiratory epithelium)
ciliated, pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells
41
What is the importance of the cilia in the respiratory epithelium?
Clearance of mucus
42
What part of the larynx does not have respiratory epithelium? What type of epithelium is present there?
Vocal cords have non-keratinized, stratified squamous
43
What three parts of the larynx are covered by non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium?
1. vocal folds 2. anterior surface of epiglottis 3. exterior laryngeal surfaces
44
What is the function of the seromucus glands that are in the laryngeal ventricle?
Keep the vocal cords moist
45
Where is the vocal ligament found?
in the lamina propria overlying the vocalis muscle of the true vocal cord
46
What is Reinke’s space?
The part of the lamina propria lying between the basal lamina and the vocal ligament.
47
What happens to the cell diversity when going from the larger airways to the smaller ones? (increases, decreases, same)
Diversity decreases
48
What are the epithelial cell types found in the trachea and primary bronchus? Other cells (4)?
1. Ciliated columnar cells 2. Goblet cells 3. Basal cells 4. Neuroendocrine cells 5. Brush cells
49
What is the combined function of the ciliated columnar cells and the goblet cells in the upper airway?
Mucus escalator
50
What is the function of basal cells in the bronchiole epithelium (and generally)?
Stem cells
51
What are the two non-epithelial cells found in the airways?
Intraepithelial lymphocytes | Mast cells
52
What is the epithelial type found in primary lobules? What are the cells that are present here? (3)
Ciliated columnar and cuboidal cells Goblet cells Basal cells Brush cells
53
What are the four cell types that are present in the terminal bronchioles?
1. Ciliated cuboidal cells 2. Non-ciliated cuboidal cells 3. Club cells 4. Brush cells
54
What are the two cell types at the level of the respiratory brochiole? Epithelium here?
1. (Non)/Ciliated cuboidal cells 2. Club cells 3. Type I pneumocytes
55
What are the two cell types at the level of the alveoli?
Type I and type II pneumocytes
56
What are the four wall layers in the trachea and the primary bronchus?
1. mucosa 2. submucosa with glands 3. Cartilage 4. Adventitia
57
What are the five wall layers in the intrapulmonary bronchi?
1. mucosa 2. muscularis 3. submucosa with glands 4. Cartilage 5. Adventitia
58
What are the three wall layers in the bronchioles?
1. mucosa 2. muscularis 3. fibroelastic CT layer
59
What is the submucosa of the trachea's hallmark feature?
Secratory mucus glands
60
Where is the muscularis located in the intrapulmonary bronchus?
Between the mucosa and the submucosa
61
What is secreted from the submucosal glands in the intrapulmonary bronchus? (5)
1. Mucins 2. Lactoferrin 3. Lysozyme 4. IgA 5. Alpha-1-antitrysin
62
What is the function of lactoferrin?
eliminates Fe from secretions so that bacteria cannot use it
63
Where does the IgA come from that is secreted by the glandular cells in the intrapulmonary bronchus?
Plasma cells
64
What is the function of alpha-1-antitrypsin secreted by the glands of the intrapulmonary bronchus?
Keep proteases in check
65
What are the 4 modifications of the airway in pts with asthma?
1. increase in mucus 2. increase in BL 3. increase in thickness of lamina propria (d/t inflammatory cells) 4. increase in thickness of muscularis 5. Increase in glands of the submucoa
66
What are the changes that take place in chronic bronchitis?
1. Sqamous metaplasia 2. increased basement membrane d/t inflammatory cells 3. hypertrophy of muscularis 4. Glands increased in submucosa
67
As you travel from larger to smaller bronchioles, what happens to the epithelium?
Goes from pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal
68
Do terminal bronchioles have cartilage? A submucosa? submucosal glands?
No
69
Which wall layer is prominent in a bronchiole?
Muscular layer
70
What is in the apical domain of club cells?
Secretory granules
71
What is CC 16?
Antiinflammatory and antioxidant secreted by club cells
72
What do club cells secrete?
Surfactant
73
When does CC 16 protein increase?
When there is damage to bronchioles
74
If there is no cartilage in bronchioles, what maintains its shape?
Elastic fibers in fibroelastic lamina
75
What is the main function of club cells, besides secretion?
divide to replace bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells.
76
What are the three cellular residents of alveoli?
Type I pneumocytes Type II pneumocytes Macrophages
77
What is the shape of type I alveolar cells?
extremely thin squamous cells--form 90% of SA
78
Can type I alveolar cells divide?
No
79
What is the shape of type II pneumocytes? What specialization do they have?
Cuboidal with short apical microvilli
80
What are lamellar bodies?
Bodies in type II pneumocytes that contain surfactant
81
What is the function of surfactant? When in development is it produced?
Reduce surface tension 20-22 weeks
82
Surfactant is continuously produced as it is turned over by the endocytotic action of type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. What is the mechanism that brings in surfactant?
receptor-mediated endocytosis.
83
What is the effect of DM II on fetuses?
Increase in respiratory distress syndrome d/t hyperinsulinemia, and resultant decrease in corticosteroid synthesis
84
What regenerates Type I and II penumocytes?
Division of type II
85
Why are macrophages heart failure cells?
Accumulate in heart tissue with hemosiderin
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