Respiratory system

Question 1

3 principle functions of the respiratory system, AND its t2o side functions

Answer 1

1-air conduction
2-air filtration
3-gas exchange
-speech (phonation)
-olfaction

Question 2

what are the 2 functional divisions of the respiratory system, and what are the components w/in each

Answer 2

conducting division - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bonchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
respiratory division - respiratory bronchiols, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Question 3

what blood vessels from the heart enter the lungs and branch as they follow the bronchiole tree ?

Answer 3

right pulmonary vessels carrying deoxygenated blood

Question 4

where does air “conditioning” occur and what happens during this ?

Answer 4

occurs in conducting division
-air is warmed, moistened via mucous and serous secretions via goblet cells
-cilia sweep particles away from lungs
-

Question 5

what are the 3 layers of the walls of the conducting system pasageways from innermost to out

Answer 5

• mucosa
• submucosa
• adventitia

Question 6

what type of epithelium makes up the mucosal layer of conducting passageways

Answer 6

respiratory epithelium

• ciliated pseudostratified collumnar epithelium
• some nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 7

what are the 3 cell types found w/in respiratory epithelium

Answer 7

1 - ciliated collumnar cells
2 - goblet cells (mucous secretions)
3 - basal cells (stem cells)

Question 8

Not all areas of the conduction system have 3 layers in their walls, specifically when do the submucosa and adventitia layers start to appear

Answer 8

trachea region

Question 9

what are internal nares called ? what about external nares

Answer 9

internal nares - choanae

external nares - nostrils

Question 10

where would you find nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in “respitory epithelium”

Answer 10

in areas of high friction

• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

Question 11

what is the function of the pharynx

Answer 11

• connects nasal/oral cavities to larynx and esophagus

- passageway for food and air

Question 12

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx, and function of each

Answer 12

1 - nasopharynx - air passageway
2 - oropharynx - food/air passageway
3 - laryngopharynx - food/air passageway

Question 13

what type of epithelium would you find at the 3 different parts of the pharyn

Answer 13

• nasopharynx - ciliated psuedostratified collumnar ep.
• oropharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous ep.
• laryngopharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous ep.

Question 14

what is the function of the larynx

Answer 14

• air passageway b/w laryngopharynx and trachea

- conducts air and is the organ of speech (phonation)

Question 15

what is the purpose of cartilage rings found in the larynx

Answer 15

-keep an open airway useful in sound prod, and swallowing

Question 16

cartilage rings made of hyaline cartilage in the larynx form ?

Answer 16

thyroid and ciricoid cartilages

Question 17

cartilage rings made of elastic cartilage in the larynx make up ?

Answer 17

epiglottis, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages

Question 18

what type of larynx feature is made of a mix hyaline and elastic cartilage

Answer 18

arytenoid cartilages

Question 19

what closes the entrance into the larynx to prevent food from entering the lungs during swallowing

Answer 19

epiglottis

Question 20

intrinsic muscles connected to the _______ cartilages can change the pitch of sounds

Answer 20

arytenoid

Question 21

what is the function of the trachea, what is it made up of and what does it divide into ?

Answer 21

conduit for air

• C shaped hyaline cartilage rings
• divides into 2 primary bronchi

Question 22

what are the 4 layers of the wall of the trachea from in to out

Answer 22

• mucosa
• submucosa
• cartilaginous layer w. trachealis m.
• adventita

Question 23

the basement membrane of the respiratory epithelium is the thickest in what part of the conduction system

Answer 23

mucosa layer of the trachea

Question 24

where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea

Answer 24

posterior to trachea,

reason for opening of C shaped rings on posterior trachea*

Question 25

as the conducting system passageways branch and become smaller in diameter, what 3 things happen

Answer 25

1 - cartilage decreases 2 - smooth muscle decreases 3 - lining of epithelial cells decreases

Question 26

what does the SNS and PNS affect the smooth muscle of the conducting system

Answer 26

SNS - relaxes smooth m to dilate airways = more O2 | PNS - constricts smooth. = less O2

Question 27

what is the diff. b/w the right and left main bronchi

Answer 27

right is shorter, wider, and more vertical | ***reason why most shit gets stuck in right bronchi***

Question 28

what do main/primary bronchi divide into ?

Answer 28

secondary/lobar bronchi - 3 on the right - 2 on the left

Question 29

what do secondary/lobar bronchi divide into

Answer 29

tertiary/segmental bronchi - 10 on right - 8/10 on left

Question 30

what makes up a bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 30

1 tertiary bronchi + surrounding vessels and tissue septa

Question 31

what are the 5 layers of the walls of bronchi from out to in

Answer 31

``` mucosa musculuaris (smooth m. layer) submucosa cartilaginous layer adventitia ```

Question 32

what characteristics of bronchioles set them apart from bronchi

Answer 32

- 1 mm or less in diameter - No cartilage in walls - no glnads in submucosa

Question 33

what type of epithelium do you find in bronchioles and how does it change as they get smaller in diameter

Answer 33

starts as ciliated pseudostratified collumnar epithelium - --> ciliated simple columnar epithelium - ----------> ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 34

what type of epithelium would you find in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Answer 34

ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium | -cilia lost as move distally

Question 35

what is the function of Clara cells and where would they be fou8nd

Answer 35

- secrete lipoprotein preventing bronchial wall adhesion during exhalation( similar to surfactant) - found in terminal and resp. bronchioles

Question 36

in the resp. bronchioles, what is the diff. in cell types found proximally vs. distally

Answer 36

proximally find ciliated cells and clara cells | distally on clara cells

Question 37

when looking at a cross section how can you tell the difference b/w a terminal bronchiole and a resp. bronchiole

Answer 37

you will see change from epithelial lining in terminal bronchioles, to a alveloi lining in resp. bronchioles ****start of gas exchange****

Question 38

what is the diff. b/w the alveolar duct and alveolar sac

Answer 38

duct has an alveoli lining like a hallway | sac is blind ended cul-de-sac w/alveoli around it

Question 39

what is the term for the wall seperating two alveoli

Answer 39

alveolar septum or interalveolar septum

Question 40

what are the 5 types of cells found w/in the alveolar septum

Answer 40

``` 1 - Type I alveoli cells 2 - Type 2 alveoli cells 3 - alveolar macrophages 4 - endothelial cells 5 - fibroblasts ```

Question 41

what is the diff. b/w type I and type II alveoli cells

Answer 41

type I - make up 95 % of alveoli surface and are lining cells type II - 5% of surface and secrete surfactant to lower surface tension

Question 42

what is the cause of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Answer 42

-disease in premature babies whose lungs havent fully developed yet to produce surfactant cuz no type II alveolar cells

Question 43

T/F the alveolar septum is important for gas exchange ?

Answer 43

F

Question 44

what seperates the air in the alveolus from the blood in capillaries

Answer 44

respiratory membrane or blood-air barrier | ***where gas exchange takes place***

Question 45

the blood-air barrier is composed of what 3 things ?

Answer 45

- type I alveloli lining cells - fused BL of alveolar cells and capillary endothelial cells - cytoplasm of endothelial cells