Respiratory system

Question 1

why do we breath?

Answer 1

• to provide oxygen to all metabollically active cells and to get rid of carbon dioxide
• This is accomplished by BOTH the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Question 2

The way the respiratory system is set up it allows for

Answer 2

adequate gas exchange because of its surface area

Question 3

the lungs must be _______, _______ and protected from ____________.

Answer 3

• thin
• moist
• pathogens

Question 4

the respiratory system requires a pump to create pressure gradients why?

Answer 4

• gas flows from high to low pressure
• the lungs are a pump with the help of the diaphragm and intercostals

Question 5

•Trachea divides many times until terminating in _________.

Answer 5

• alveoli

Question 6

how does gas flow change with resistance?

Answer 6

•Gas flow changes inversely with resistance

Question 7

The greatest resistance is found in trachea and bronchi, Why?

Answer 7

• because there is an increased air flow; turbulence.
• air is going in all different directions in spaces with large dimeters; because oxygen is a gas molecule and does not go in the direction of gravity

Question 8

Lowest resistance is found in bronchioles why?

Answer 8

•greater overall cross-sectional area

Question 9

what happens when the air reaches the capillaries of the lungs?

Answer 9

diffusion

Question 10

Asthma attacks happen because of

Answer 10

bronchiole constriction

Question 11

airways______and _______ and are lined with ____________.

Answer 11

• humidify
• filter air
• respiratory epithelium

Question 12

where does gas exchange happen?

Answer 12

• in the alveoli

Question 13

Alveoli means

Answer 13

• small cavity

Question 14

the lung contains millions of ________.

Answer 14

Aveoli

Question 15

aveoli are _______,________ and________

Answer 15

• soft
• spongy
• elastic

Question 16

Alveoli are composed of a ____________________.

Answer 16

single layer of squamous epithelial cells

Question 17

Aveolar surface is covered by a “cobweb” of ______________.

Answer 17

pulmonary capillaries

Question 18

Capillaries are always in contact with the alveoli _______________.

Answer 18

Capillaries serve as air-bloodbarrier

Question 19

in the aveoli gas exchange occurs by ____________.

Answer 19

simple diffusion

Question 20

Macrophages in the aveoli ____________ we breath in.

Answer 20

eat pathogens

Question 21

what are the types of lung surfactant cells?

Answer 21

• Type 1
• Type 2

Question 22

Type 1 lung surfactant cells

Answer 22

allow for gas exchange

Question 23

Type 2 lung surfactant cells

Answer 23

make and secrete lipids and proteins to keep aveoli patent

Question 24

IRDS

Answer 24

• IRDS: infant respiratory distress syndrome usually occurs in premature babies because their lungs are not developed, their lungs do not have surfactant which causes the aveoli to collapse and cause difficulty breathing in a baby

Question 25

what is in the air we breath?

Answer 25

* Nitrogen * Oxygen * Carbon dioxide * water

Question 26

•Air is a mixture of gases and each gas exerts a “pressure”\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that is directly proportional to percentage of the gas in the mixture

Answer 26

* partial pressure

Question 27

•Gases move down their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and are influenced by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 27

* pressure gradient * volume changes

Question 28

At sea level what is the percentage of nitrogen in the air, what is its partial pressure?

Answer 28

* 78.6% * 597 mmHg

Question 29

At sea level what is the percentage of Oxygen in the air what is its partial pressure?

Answer 29

* 20.9 % * 159 mmHg

Question 30

at sea level what is the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air and what is its partial pressure?

Answer 30

* 0.04% * 0.3 mmHg

Question 31

at sea level what is the percentage of water in the air and what is its partial pressure?

Answer 31

* 0.46 % * 3.7 mmHg

Question 32

all together what do the percentages of gases in our air at sea level adds up to what do their partial pressures add up to?

Answer 32

* 100.0% * 760 mmHg

Question 33

in the aveoli what percent of nitrogen is present and what is its partial pressure?

Answer 33

* 74.9% * 569 mmHg

Question 34

In the aveoli what is the percentage of oxygen in the air and what is its partial pressure?

Answer 34

* 13.7% * 104 mmHg

Question 35

In the aveoli what is the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air and what is its partial pressure?

Answer 35

* 5.2% * 40 mmHg

Question 36

In the aveoli what is the percentage of water in the air and what is its partial pressure?

Answer 36

* 6.2 % * 47 mmHg

Question 37

In the aveoli what is the percentage of in the air of all the gases togther and what is their partial pressure?

Answer 37

* 100.0% * 760 mmHg

Question 38

Gases travel...

Answer 38

from high to low pressure

Question 39

P_o2

Answer 39

Partial pressure of oxygen

Question 40

Pco2

Answer 40

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 41

Pn

Answer 41

Partial pressure of nitrogen

Question 42

P_h2o

Answer 42

partial pressure of water

Question 43

while breathing in this happens

Answer 43

* volume of the thoracic cavity increases which leads to a decrease in pressure * Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contracts * Diaphragm contracts and moves downward

Question 44

breathing out this happens

Answer 44

* thoracic cavity volume decreases causing pressure to go up * respiratory muscles relax * Gases flow from high to low pressure

Question 45

Molecular oxygen is transported

Answer 45

–Bound to hemoglobin (Hb) –Dissolved in plasma (1.5%)

Question 46

Gases do not dissolve well in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 46

* solutions * think soda

Question 47

what is oxygen called when it is bound to hemoglobin?

Answer 47

* oxyhemoglobin

Question 48

Hb that has released oxygen

Answer 48

* deoxyhemoglobin

Question 49

Many factors affect Hb-O binding

Answer 49

* blood pH * temperature * CO2 levels

Question 50

allosteric binding

Answer 50

* after oxygen binds to one site other oxygen molecules begin to bind quickly until there is room for only one more oxygen molecule * causes S curve in oxygen called **Hb disassociation curve**

Question 51

Answer 51

A) This part of the graph tells you the partial pressure of O2 in the blood B) This axis tells you how saturated hemoglobin is with oxygen. at 100% all four binding sites are saturated. C) the more O2 in the blood (higer P_o2) the more O2 is bound to hemeglobin. because of hemoglobins properties binding strength changes with saturation, resulting in an S curve on the graph instead of a straight line D) in the lungs were partial pressure of oxygen is high 100 mmHg hemoglobin is almost fully saturated with O2 at 98% E) in tissues where O2 partial pressure is low (40 mmHg) hemoglobin is less saturated with O2 (75%)

Question 52

What is special about fetal hemoglobin?

Answer 52

fetal hemoglobin has a higher binding affinity for O2, not more binding sites. The structure of their hemoglobin is a little different

Question 53

•Normal cells produce about\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_each minute... same amount excreted by lungs!

Answer 53

* 200 ml of CO2

Question 54

Blood transports CO2 in 3 forms

Answer 54

–Dissolved in plasma(7-10%) –Bound to Hb àcarbaminohemoglobin (20%) –As bicarbonate ions in plasma (70%)

Question 55

why is so much carbon dioxide carried in the blood as bicarbonate?

Answer 55

because of the bicarbonate buffering system

Question 56

what is the equation for the bicarbonate buffering system?

Answer 56

Question 57

Bohr effect

Answer 57

Decrease in blood pH and increase in CO2 levels weakens the Hb-O bond and promotes oxygen release

Question 58

Hb can also bind to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, making blood pH changes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 58

* hydrogen ions * minimal

Question 59

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system

Answer 59

HCO3¯ ions leave the RBC, enter plasma and act as alkaline reserve