Conditions producing metabolic acidosis that can cause acute dyspnoea
DKA LA Uremia Overdose of salicylates Ethylene glycol poisoning
Causes of chronic exertional dyspnoea
CVS
- CCF
- Myocardial ischemia
RS
- COPD
- Chronic asthma
- C/c pulmonary thromboembolism
- Bronchial Ca
- ILD
OTHERS
- Severe anemia
- Obesity
Causes of pulmonary nodules
Bronchial carcinoma
Single metastasis
Localized pneumonia
Lung abscess
Tuberculoma
Pulmonary infarct
Indications for lung transplantation
Parenchymal lung disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Emphysema
- Obliterative bronchiolitis
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Pulmonary vascular diseases
- Primary pulmonary HTN
- Thromboembolic pulmonary HTN
- Veno-occlusive diseases
- Eisenmenger’s syndrome
Congenital causes of bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis
Primary hypogammaglobulinemia
Ciliary dysfunction syndromes
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia (immotile cilia syndrome)
- Kartagener’s syndrome
Acquired causes of bronchiectasis
In children
- pneumonia (complicating measles or pertussis)
- Primary TB
- Inhaled foreign bodies
In adults
- Suppurative pneumonia
- Pulmonary TB
- ABPA complicating asthma
- Bronchial tumours
Complications of pneumonia
Para-pneumonic effusion
Empyema
Suppurative pneumonia/lung abscess
Retention of sputum - lobar collapse
Pneumothorax, Ectopic abscess formation - particularly with S.aureus
DVT, pulmonary embolism
ARDS, renal failure, multi organ failure
Hepatitis, peri & myocarditis
Meningoencephalitis
Pyrexia - due to drug hypersensitivity
Endocrine paraneoplastic manifestations of bronchial carcinoma
SIADH - Hypo Na Ectopic ACTH secretion PTHr peptides - Hyper Ca Carcinoid syndrome Gynaecomastia
Neurological paraneoplastic manifestations of bronchial carcinoma
Polyneuropathy
Myelopathy
Cerebellar degeneration
Myasthenia- Lambert Eaton syndrome
Other paraneoplastic manifestations of bronchial carcinoma
Digital clubbing
HPOA
Eosinophilia
Nephrotic syndrome
Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis
DDx superior mediastinal mass
Retrosternal goitre
Persistent left SVC
Prominent left subclavian artery
Aortic aneurysm
Thymic tumour
Dermoid cyst
Lymphoma
Causes of acute dyspnoea
CVS - Acute pulmonary edema
RS
- Acute severe asthma
- Acute exacerbation of COPD
- Pneumothorax
- Pneumonia (lobar)
- Pulmonary embolus
- ARDS
- Lobar collapse
- Inhaled foreign body
- Laryngeal edema (Anaphylaxis)
OTHERS
- Metabolic acidosis
- Hyperventilation
