retrieval questions Flashcards

(46 cards)

1
Q

What is a pressure group?

A
  • A group of people that through political campaigning seek to influence government policy
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2
Q

What are the key functions of pressure groups?

A
  • encourage participation outside of elections
  • hold the government accountable/ scrutinise
  • educate the public and provide them with access to influence decision making
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3
Q

What is a sectional group?

A
  • represent a particular section of society, membership is ‘closed’ as it consists of only them
  • members benefit directly if successful
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4
Q

What is a cause group?

A
  • representing a particular cause/issue, membership is open to anyone that supports the cause
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5
Q

Give three examples of sectional groups?

A
  • BMA (British Medical Association), CBI (Confederation of British Industry), NFU (National Farmers Union)
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6
Q

Give three examples of cause groups?

A
  • CAAT (Campaign against arms trade)
  • Just Stop Oil
  • RSPB
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7
Q

What is a peak or ‘umbrella’ group? And give one example.

A
  • A group that speaks for groups with a similar interest
  • TUC (Trades Union Congress)
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8
Q

What is an insider pressure group?

A
  • Groups that have a close relationship with decision makers
  • Often get consulted when new laws are made
  • Groups can move from inside to outside depending on who is in government
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9
Q

Give three examples of insider pressure groups?

A
  • BMS
  • CBI
  • RSPCA
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10
Q

What is an outsider pressure group?

A
  • Groups who have little contact with decision making
  • Could be close with the opposition and potentially be insider
  • Could be too small, underfunded or unpopular to gain influence
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11
Q

Give three examples of outsider groups

A
  • Just Stop Oil
  • CAAT
  • Fathers for justice
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12
Q

What do we mean by the term ‘traditional methods’ of pressure groups?

A
  • signing petitions
  • writing letters
  • organising marches
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13
Q

What are some less traditional methods of pressure groups?

A
  • Publicity stunts
  • Vandalism
  • Social media campaigns
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14
Q

What is a think tank?

A
  • Public policy research groups with a political position
  • Doesn’t tend to do public campaigning
  • Carries out research on policy and releases publications and holds conferences
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15
Q

Give three examples of think tanks?

A
  • ASI (Adam Smith Institute)
  • Resolution foundation
  • IEA (Institute of Economic Affairs)
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16
Q

What is a lobbyist?

A
  • Either a company providing lobbying services
  • Or a team of people paid by a company to act as ‘in house’ lobbyist
  • Carry out contact work with ministers/ decision makers on behalf of their client
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17
Q

Factors that influence pressure groups success?

A
  • Income
  • Size
  • Organisation/ tactics
  • celeb endorsement
  • Public opinion
  • timing of campaign
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18
Q

Ways pressure groups improve democracy?

A
  • Checks and balance on executive power
  • Provide scrutiny of decisions made in parliament
  • Opportunity for minority groups to influence politics
  • encourages participation outside of elections
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19
Q

Ways pressure groups can be bad for democracy?

A
  • insider groups enjoy privileged access to decision makers
  • Governments will only listen when they agree, can just ignore them
  • Minority may have too much influence and governments can make policy that doesn’t represent the people
  • may spread misinformation rather than educate
20
Q

What are natural rights?

A
  • An idea of universal, god given rights
  • Locke ‘life, liberty and property’
21
Q

What are positive rights?

A
  • Explicitly given to citizens
22
Q

What are negative rights?

A
  • Not explicitly given but there because of an absence of a law saying you can’t
23
Q

What are individual rights?

A
  • Belong to a person regardless of characteristics
  • applies to all citizens
24
Q

What are collective rights?

A
  • Rights that belong to a group (gay rights)
  • Or a group in an organisation (worker’s rights)
25
What is the Magna Carta?
- Document issued in 1215 and was the first document that set out the limits of the King's power
26
What is common law?
- law that developed over many centuries - Rights which have been made through judgements in the courts and enforced in lower courts through a system of judicial precedent
27
What is statute law?
- Laws passed by parliament may guarantee rights
28
What was the Humans rights act?
- Incorporated the European Convention of Human Rights into UK law - Allows citizens to seek legal redress through the UK courts if they believe they have been denied their rights - 1998
29
What was the Equality Act (2010)
Sought to combine and extend existing UK legislation preventing discrimination against people - The law puts onus on organisations not just to avoid discrimination but to actively promote equality
30
Name 3 pressure groups whose aims is to protect rights in the UK?
- Howard league for legal reform - Liberty - Amnesty international
31
Strengths of rights protection in the UK
- Strong common law tradition - Human Rights Act are not entrenched so rights are not guaranteed - Parliament and Government pass laws that restrict rights of individuals and groups - Pressure groups are often ignored by decision makers
32
What is a political party?
An organisation whose members share ideologies and agree on policy
33
Identify 3 functions of political parties
- Representation, represent a certain group of society - Governing, seek to govern on a national or local level - Policy making
34
Identify two features of political parties
- Broad policy of all areas of government - Internal democracy, structures to elect leaders - Proposed programme of government
35
Name ways in which parties promote democracy
- Offering voters a choice of policy in elections - Allowing voters to participate in politics
36
Factors of success of political parties
- Strong leadership wins elections (callahan was more popular than Thatcher but she won) - Image, are they unites, relevant, modern, competent? - Media, every party backed by the Sun has won since 1979
37
Main sources of funding for political parties
- Trade Unions - Membership fees - Doners - Self funding candidates
38
Where do the Conservative party get most of their funding?
- Rich individuals and corporations
39
Where do the Labour party get most of their funding?
- Trade Unions and Member fees
40
What is short money?
- State funding given to the opposition parties to help with their Parliamentary work
41
What is Cranborne money?
annual payment made to opposition parties in the UK House of Lords to help with their parliamentary costs.
42
Arguments in favour of state funding of political parties
- Reduces chances of corruption (cash for honours - Blair) - End possible 'hidden forms of influence' (Blair formula 1 adverts) - Gives smaller parties a better chance
43
What are some left wing ideas?
- Redistribution of income - regulation of the markets - protection of workers rights - stress on state welfare as a means of greater equality
44
What are some right wing ideas?
- free market capitalism - Limited role of the state - Low tax and state welfare - Hard stance on crime and punishment
45
What was the name of the party before Conservative?
- Tory
46