Review

Question 1

medical term for “dry mouth”

Answer 1

xerostomia

Question 2

Projection fibers

Answer 2

create connections between cortex and subcortical structures

Question 3

association fibers

Answer 3

connect areas within same hemisphere

superior longitudinal fibers, aka arcuate fasciculus

Question 4

commissural fibers

Answer 4

inter-hemispheric connectors (connect right and left hemispheres)
*corpus callosum

Question 5

CN V

Answer 5

trigeminal nerve

• mixed nerve (sensory & motor nerve)
• 3 branches: opthalmic branch (sensory branch from nose, eyes, forehead); maxillary branch (sensory branch from nose, upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, nasopharynx, palate); mandibular branch (sensory branch from mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of cheek, part of external ear/motor fibers that innervate temporalis, lateral & medial pterygoids, masseter, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric)

Question 6

CN VII

Answer 6

facial nerve, mixed nerve (sensory & motor)

• sensory fibers responsible for taste sensations on ANTERIOR 2/3 of tongue
• motor fibers innervate muscles important for facial expression and speech

Question 7

CN VIII

Answer 7

acoustic/vestibulocochlear nerve

• sensory nerve
• balance and hearing

Question 8

CN X

Answer 8

vagus nerve, mixed

• motor fibers supply digestive system, heart, lungs, pharynx, larynx
• sensory fibers = convey info from digestive system, heart, trachea and bronchi, lower pharynx, larynx, epiglottis; transmits pain, touch, and temperature from skin
• RLN supplies intrinsic muscles of larynx (LCA, PCA, interarytenoids, thyroarytenoid)
• SLN = CRICOTHYROID
• pharyngeal branch - pharyngeal constrictors and muscles of velum EXCEPT tensor veli palatini (CN V)

Question 9

CN XI

Answer 9

spinal accessory nerve, motor nerve

• supplies trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles –> assist in head and neck movements
• also innervates uvula and levator veli palatini muscles of soft palate (along with vagus nerve CN X)

Question 10

CN XII

Answer 10

hypoglossal nerve, motor nerve

• runs under tongue
• supplies ALL intrinsic muscles of tongue and ALL extrinsic muscles EXCEPT palatoglossus muscle (CN IX)

Question 11

Van Riper’s stuttering approach

Answer 11

FLUENT STUTTERING (STUTTER-more-fluently)

• stuttering identification
• desensitization to stuttering
• modifying stuttering = cancellation, pull-outs, preparatory sets
• counseling

Question 12

Fluency Shaping Method

Answer 12

SPEAK-more-fluently

• airflow management
• *easy onsets
• reduced rate of speech, no pausing

Question 13

Fluency Reinforcement Method

Answer 13

• **works with young children

- positively reinforces fluent speech in naturalistic conversational contexts

Question 14

Masking & Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques

Answer 14

slowed down rate of speech –> monotonous speech

Question 15

Pause-and-talk (time out)

Answer 15

• direct stuttering reduction method
• person who stutters is taught to pause after each dysfluency and then resume talking
• preferred for older children and adults

Question 16

Response cost

Answer 16

• direct stuttering reduction method
• for every instance of stuttering, clinician takes away a token, which is awarded for every fluent production
• preferred for preschoolers and young children

Question 17

acceleration-deceleration injuries

Answer 17

• head is set into motion by physical forces but brain is still static –> brain begins to move –> when head stops moving, brain keeps moving inside skill –> brain hits skull on opposite side of initial impact
• more serious than non-acceleration injuries

Question 18

non-acceleration injuries

Answer 18

restrained head is hit by a moving object

• ex. car crushing a mechanic that is underneath it
• impression trauma

Question 19

ataxia

Answer 19

muscular incoordination and irregular movements

Question 20

ataxic dysarthria

Answer 20

• damage to cerebellar system
• characterized primarily by articulatory and prosodic problems (impaired timing and coordination of muscle movements), hypotonia, uncoordinated, jerky, imprecise movements

Question 21

flaccid dysarthria

Answer 21

• LMN damage
• characterized by hypotonia, muscle weakness, drunken speech
• causes: ALS, myasthenia gravis
• can affect speech related CN (V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII)

Question 22

hyperkinetic dysarthria

Answer 22

• damage to basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)
• characterized by involuntary movements (myoclonus, tics, chorea, athetosis, ballism, hemiballism, dystonia, etc.)
• common causes: degenerative diseases (Huntington’s disease), vascular diseases (brainstem stroke), TBI, Tourette’s, spasmodic dysphonia

Question 23

hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 23

• damage to basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)
• characterized by muscular rigidity, reduced force & range of movements, tremors, mask-like face, micrographic writing, shuffling steps
• common causes: Parkinson’s disease, CVA, drug toxicity, etc.

Question 24

spastic dysarthria

Answer 24

• damage to UMN
• characterized by spasticity, weakness, imprecise production of consonants, distorted vowels, etc.
• common causes: multiple strokes, MS, TBI, etc.

Question 25

mixed dysarthria

Answer 25

- combination of 2 or more dysarthrias - most common mixed forms = flaccid-spastic (associated with ALS) & ataxic-spastic (associated with MS)

Question 26

unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria (UUMN)

Answer 26

- damage to UMN - characterized by unilateral weakness (of the face, tongue, palate, etc.), harshness, imprecise production of consonants, etc. - associated disorders: dysphagia, apraxia, aphasia, right-hemisphere syndrome

Question 27

myoclonus

Answer 27

- involuntary, rapidly occurring jerks of body parts | - may be single or multiple muscles

Question 28

orofacial dyskinesia

Answer 28

abnormal, involuntary, rhythmic or nonrhythmic movements of the orofacial muscles

Question 29

chorea

Answer 29

purposeles, random, involuntary movements of body parts

Question 30

athetosis

Answer 30

slow, writhing, purposeless movements; may be a combination of chorea and dystonia

Question 31

dystonia

Answer 31

contractions of antagonistic muscles that cause abnormal postures

Question 32

ballism

Answer 32

bilateral, involuntary, and irregular movement of the extremities; can be violent

Question 33

hemiballism

Answer 33

unilateral, involuntary, and irregular movement of the extremities; can be violent

Question 34

akinesia

Answer 34

absence of movement; immobile posture

Question 35

bradykinesia

Answer 35

difficulty with the initiation of movement

Question 36

festination

Answer 36

type of gait characterized by short, shuffling footsteps that progressively quicken; often seem as an attempt to maintain balance

Question 37

hypomimia

Answer 37

diminished facial movement causing a lack of facial expression

Question 38

hypokinesia

Answer 38

reduced amount and range of motion