1
Q
What is special about water?
A
liquid water is more dense than solid water so it is favoured at elevated pressures (freezing point is depressed at elevated pressures)
2
Q
glycine
A
G
3
Q
alanine
A
A
4
Q
valine
A
V
5
Q
methionine
A
M
6
Q
leucine
A
L
7
Q
isoleucine
A
I
8
Q
proline
A
P
9
Q
phenylalanine
A
F
10
Q
tryptophan
A
W
11
Q
serine
A
S
12
Q
threonine
A
T
13
Q
asparagine
A
N
14
Q
glutamine
A
Q
15
Q
cysteine
A
C
16
Q
tyrosine
A
Y
17
Q
aspartic acid
A
D
18
Q
glutamic acid
A
E
19
Q
histidine
A
H
20
Q
arginine
A
R
21
Q
lysine
A
K
22
Q
Polar AAs
A
serine threonine asparagine glutamine cysteine tyrosine
23
Q
Broca’s area
A
language production
damage causes non-fluent aphasia
24
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
language comprehension
damage causes fluent aphasia
25
What does an aldol condensation result in?
a beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound
26
What is the difference between non-competitive and allosteric inhibition of enzymes?
they are the same!
27
What is glycogen phosphorylase used for?
and phosphate to glycogen when breaking it DOWN
28
What kind of hormone does thyroid hormone act like?
steroid
29
What kind of hormone does epinephrine act like?
peptide
30
para long pre
pre-synaptic parasympathetic neurons are long (post are short)
31
When do gases not act ideal?
low temp and high pressure
| remember: "real world is less than ideal" (pressure and volume of empty space)
32
What are ideal fluids?
incompressible and not viscous
33
xenophobia
fear of that perceived to be foreign
34
What are contemporaries?
people that lived at the SAME TIME
35
What does DNA gyrase do?
supercoils bacteria DNA
36
What is hemostasis?
stopping flow of blood (usually talking about clotting)
37
What are antagonist vs agonist drugs?
antagonist drugs inhibit something
| agonist drugs activate something
38
What is anomie?
when a there is a lack of social norms, which leads to a breakdown in the connection between an individual and their community
39
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
physiological then emotional
40
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
physiological and emotional at the same time
41
What are the "I" and the "me" in Mead's theory of identity?
I is spontaneous and autonomous
| me is formed in social interactions with others
42
What is a microfilament?
actin
43
Is removing entropic penalty favorable?
yes
44
What is proactive interference?
when old memories impede new ones
45
What is retroactive interference?
when new memories impede old ones
46
What do you want in a PCR primer?
GC at both ends
| high GC content
47
What is suppression?
consciously withholding memories
48
What is repression?
unconsciously withholding memories
49
What is ethnocentrism?
tendency to look at other cultures through our culture's perspective
50
What is the left side of the brain mainly used for?
linguistic abilities
51
Where does the left visual field go in the brain?
the RIGHT side
52
Which way do electric field lines point?
from positive to negative i.e. point at negative
never cross
are more dense near the the charge
53
When does a precipitate form?
when Q >Ksp
54
What are bigger positive or negative ions?
negative are larger
55
What do COOH and OH make? What is it called when it is cyclic?
ester, cyclic=lactone
56
What affects resistance?
resistivity, length, area, (temperature affects resisitivity as well)
57
Do you want a binding constant to be high? What about Km?
binding constant yes
| Km no
58
What are the y and x intercepts on a Lineweaver-Burk plot? Slope?
y-int is 1/Vmax
x-int is 1/Km
slope is Km/Vmax
59
Where is OH stretching on an IR spectrum?
3200-3500
60
Where is CO stretching on an IR spectrum?
1700-1750
61
Where is CC double bond stretching on an IR spectrum?
1580-1610
62
What kind of lens do you use to correct for myopia?
diverging/concave
63
What kind of lens do you use to correct for hyperopia?
converging/convex
64
What does ultrasound use to produce images?
the doppler effect, thus you need to know the speeds and frequencies
65
When is work positive?
between 0 and 90 degrees
66
When is work negative?
between 90 and 180 degrees
67
How does work affect the potential energy of a system?
positive work done BY the system decreases Pe
positive work done ON the system increases Pe
and vice versa
68
What happens in an elastic collision?
Ke is conserved
69
What happens in an inelastic collision?
Ke is not conserved
70
What happens in a perfectly inelastic collision?
objects stick together, have the same final velocity
71
What is an electric dipole?
when electric field doesn't equal 0, but the electric potential does
creates a very strong electric field
72
What is the electric field inside a conductor?
zero
73
What do capacitors in parallel have that is the same?
voltage
74
What do capacitors in series have that is the same?
charge
75
What cause electrons to flow?
a difference in electric potential
76
What direction is I? (current)
always OPPOSITE the flow of electrons
77
What is magnetic field strength measured in?
Tesla or Gauss
| 10^-4 T = 1 Ga
78
Explain the right hand rule for finding Fb
positive charge
thumb along v
fingers along B
direction of Fb is coming out of palm
79
Explain the right hand rule for finding B
thumb along I
| fingers curl in the direction of B
80
Which direction do magnetic field lines point?
North to South
81
What does wave speed depend on?
type and medium NOT frequency
82
Where do longitudinal waves move fastest? What is an example?
in solid
| i.e. sound waves
83
Where do transverse waves move fastest?
in a vacuum
| i.e. light (electromagnetic waves)
84
What does "RIP VUN" stand for?
real, inverted, positive i
| virtual, upright, negative i
85
What forms from the ectoderm?
```
entire nervous system
pituitary glands
adrenal medulla
cornea and lens
epidermis of skin and derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, sensory receptors)
nasal, oral, anal epithelium
```
86
What forms from the mesoderm?
all muscle, bone and connective tissue
entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system, including blood
urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts)
dermis of skin
87
What forms from the endoderm?
GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus)
GI glands (liver, pancreas etc)
respiratory epithelium
epithelial lining of urogenital organs and ducts
urinary bladder
88
What are the stages of embryogenesis?
```
fertilization (zygote)
cleavage (morula)
blastulation (trophoblast and inner cell mass)
gastrulation (germ layers, gastrula)
neurulation (nervous system)
parturition
```
89
Type I muscle fibers
```
slow twitch
red slow twitch/red oxidative
slow contraction
low force
many mitochondria
very dense capillaries
resistant to fatigue
hours of use
```
90
Type IIA muscle fibers
```
intermediate/fast twitch oxidative
intermediate contraction
medium force
some mitochondria
medium capillaries
medium resistance to fatigue
30 min use
```
91
Type IIB muscle fibers
```
white fast twitch
very fast contraction
high force
very few mitochondria and capillaries
low resistance to fatigue
1 min use
```
92
What does peptide YY do?
reduces appetite
93
What do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen
94
What do parietal cells secrete?
HCl
95
Where is CCK secreted from?
epithelial cells in the duodenum
96
What cells have MHCI?
all nucleated cells
97
What cells have MCHII?
only antigen presenting cells (macrophages and B-cells)
98
Freud first stage
oral stage
0 to 1
erogneous zone is the mouth
99
Freud second stage
anal stage
1 to 3
erogenous zone is the anus i.e. bladder and bladder control
100
Freud third stage
phallic stage
3 to 6
erogenous zone is the genitals
adult fixation results in the Oedipus or Electra complex
101
Freud fourth stage
latency stage
6 to 12
sexual feelings are dormant
102
Freud fifth stage
genital stage
12+
sexual interests mature
103
Erikson first stage
infancy
| trust vs mistrust
104
Erikson second stage
early childhood
| autonomy vs shame
105
Erikson third stage
preschool age
| initiative vs guilt
106
Erikson fourth stage
school age
| industry vs inferiority
107
Erikson fifth stage
adolescence
| identity vs role confusion
108
Erikson sixth stage
young adulthood
| intimacy vs isolation
109
Erikson seventh stage
middle age
| generativity vs stagnation
110
Erikson eighth stage
later life
| integrity vs despair
111
explicit memory
declarative memory
memory with conscious recall
consists of episodic and semantic memory
112
implicit memory
non declarative memory
memory without conscious recall
procedural memory is a type
113
Stage 1 of sleep
```
light
theta waves
slow rolling eye movements
moderate activity
fleeting thoughts
```
114
Stage 2 of sleep
```
light
sleep spindle and k-complex
no eye movement
moderate activity
increased relaxation
decreased temp, heart rate and respiration
```
115
Stages 3 and 4 of sleep
```
deep
delta waves
no eye movement
moderate activity
heart and digestion slow
growth hormones secreted
```
116
brain waves when you're awake
beta
117
brain waves when you're drowsy
alpha
118
components of the limbic system
```
thalamus
hypothalamus
frontal lobe
olfactory bulb
amygdala
hippocampus
(relay station for all senses except smell)
```
119
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
two-factor theory
emotion inducing stimulus gives physiological response
which leads to cognitive interpretation
and then you get behavioural response and labelling of the emotion
120
Piaget first stage
```
sensorimotor
0-1.5/2
stranger anxiety
experiences world directly through senses and motor movement
learns object permanence
```
121
Piaget second stage
```
preoperational
2-6/7
like to pretend play
can represent things with words and images, but use intuitive not logical reasoning
egocentrism
```
122
Piaget third state
concrete operational
7-11
thinks logically and performs simple mental manipulations with concrete concepts
learns conservation
123
Piaget fourth stage
formal operational
12 to adult
abstract logically
learn moral reasoning
124
Broca's area
inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere (usually left)
| damaged= non fluent aphasia with intact comprehension
125
Wernicke's area
posterior superior temporal gyrus
| damaged= fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
126
Bronstad-Lowry
involves protons
127
Lewis
involves electrons
128
Arrhenius
H3O+/OH-
129
Strong acids
```
HClO4
H2SO4
HNO3
HCl
HBr
HI
```
130
TLC
non polar move the farthest, have the highest Rf
131
normal phase HPLC
nonpolar come out first
132
reverse phase HPLC
polar come out first
133
size exclusion HPLC
large come out first
134
ion exchange HPLC
same charge as resin and neutral come out first
135
gas chromatography
highly volatile come out first (low boiling point)
136
affinity chromatography
usually used to purify proteins or nucleic acids from cell lysates
solid phase with protein of interest goes to the bottom and supernatant can be decanted
137
fractional distillation
separates with similar boiling points to get rid of solid impurities
138
simple distillation
separates compounds with large boiling point differences
139
stiffness of a bond and IR
more stiff bonds vibrate at higher frequencies
140
CH
2800-3300
141
CC double
1650
142
CC triple
2200
143
OH
3200-3600
144
NH
3300-3500
145
CO
1700
146
CN
2200 (triple bond)
147
aromatic Hs
6.5-8
148
vinyl Hs
5-6
149
alkyl Hs
0-2
150
downfield
downfield is to the left
deshielded
ie acidic protons
151
thermodynamic aldol
remove from more sterically hindered
152
kinetic aldol
remove from less substituted
153
SN1
two steps
154
SN2
one step
155
Strecker synthesis
Aas using ammonium and cyanide salts
156
Gabriel-malonic ester synthesis
Aas using pthalamide and an alpha bromomalonic ester
157
where does oxidation occur?
at the anode
158
where does reduction occur?
at the cathode
159
in which direction do electrons flow?
anode to cathode
160
what is the charge on the anode?
negative for galvanic
| positive for electrolytic
161
high energy bonds to make a peptide
4n
162
gram positive colour
dark purple
163
Kozak sequence
eukaryotic translation initiation sequence
164
Shine-Delgarno sequence
prokaryotic ribosome binding site
165
eukaryotic ribosome
80S
| 60S and 40S
166
prokaryotic ribosome
70S
| 50S and 30S
167
TATA box
eukaryotic promoter
168
autotroph vs auxotroph
```
autotroph= uses CO2 as carbon source
auxotroph= cannot survive on minimal medium
```
169
signal sequence
n-terminal
| on all proteins except ones going to mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes or staying in the cytosol
170
targeting signal
need to go somewhere other than the PM in the secretory pathway
i.e. going to golgi, ER, lysosomes
171
localization signal
made in the cytosol and need to go somewhere
| i.e. going to mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes
172
What kind of viruses can undergo productive life cycle?
only animal
173
Pribnow box
prokaryotic promoters
174
alpha decay
release a He nucleus
175
beta minus decay
neutron to a e and p
| release the e-
176
beta plus decay
p to an e+ and n
| release e+
177
electron capture
e and p to make an n
178
competitive inhibitor
binds to active site
doesn't change Vmax
increases Km
179
non-competitive inhibitor
binds to allosteric site
decreases Vmax
doesn't change Km
180
uncompetitive inhibitor
binds to enzyme-substrate complex
decreases Vmax
decreases Km
181
mixed-type inhibitor
binds to enzyme or enzyme-substrate compelx
decreases Vmax
Km depends
182
prokaryotic DNA polymerases
III- normal
II- back up for III
I- removes RNA and adds in DNA, 5' to 3' exo
IV and V- error prone, repair, stalling
183
RNA polymerase I
most rRNA
184
RNA polymerase II
mRNA, snRNA, some miRNA
185
RNA polymerase III
tRNA, long ncRNA, siRNA, some miRNA, small subset of rRNA
186
What can gluconeogenesis use?
```
pyruvate
lactate
krebs cycle intermediates
glycerol
carbon skeleton of glycogenic amino acids
NOT acetyl-CoA
```
187
ATP in cell respiration
30 for eukaryotes
| 32 for prokaryotes
188
ATP in electron transport chain
10H+/ NADH = 2.5 ATP
| 6H+/ FADH2 or NADH glycolysys = 1.5 ATP
189
Kreb's cycle per glucose
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 GTP
190
glucose 6 phosphatase
G6P to glucose
191
F1,6 bisphosphatase
F16P to F6P
192
pyruvate carboxylase
pyruvate to OAA
| requires ATP
193
PEP carboxy kinase
OAA to PEP
| requires GTP
194
pyruvate kinase
PEP to pyruvate
| makes an ATP
195
hexokinase
glucose to G6P
| uses an ATP
196
pfk
F6P to F1,6P
| uses an ATP
197
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
uses citrate
| produces NADH and CO2
MCAT
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