review

Question 1

know glucose 6 phosphate and the paths it cn take

Answer 1

k

Question 2

the pentose phosphate shunt

Answer 2

alternative pathway for glucose oxydation, makes pentose, makes NADPH + H X 2

Question 3

WHICH PATHWAYS REQUIRE NADPH

Answer 3

FA BIOSYNTHESIS
CHOLESTEROL
NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Question 4

what is glutathione

Answer 4

Glutathione is a
tripeptide composed
of glutamate,
cystein, glycine.

Reduced glutathione
(GSH) maintains the
normal reduced
state of the cell.

Question 5

Glutathione Functions -1

Answer 5

• It serves as a reductant.
• Conjugates to drugs making them
water soluble.
• Involved in amino acid transport
across cell membranes.
• Cofactor in some enzymatic
reactions.
– rearrangement of protein disulfide
bonds.

Question 6

Glutathione Functions -2

Answer 6

The sulfhydryl of GSH is used to reduce
peroxides (ROS) formed during oxygen
transport.
– Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage
macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and protein)
and ultimately lead to cell death.
• The resulting oxidized form of GSH is
two molecules linked by a disulfide
bridge (GSSG).

Question 7

The enzyme
glutathione
reductase

Answer 7

The enzyme
glutathione
reductase uses
NADPH as a
cofactor to reduce
GSSG back to two
moles of GSH.
Thus, the pentose
pathway is linked
to the supply of
adequate amounts
of GSH.

Question 8

what are glucose 6- phosphate 3 fates

Answer 8

1. glycolysis

Question 9

wha regulates blood glucose

Answer 9

1. obligate glu users: cannot use FAs, AAs for nrg
   eg, brain (but can use ketones), nervous tissue, RBCs, WBCs, renal
   medulla
   - need to maintain blood glu levels (therefore, control on lower
   limit [fasting level])
   eg, human, pig, horse: 4-5.5 mmol/L (70-100 mg/dL)
   cat, dog (carnivores): 3 mmol/L (~60 mg/dL)
   cow, sheep (ruminants): 1.5-2 mmol/L (~35-40 mg/dL)
2. other important requirements for glucose:
   a) lactose production in the mammary gland
   b) main energy source for the fetus

Question 10

remember lactobacilus or bacilus- group names yes and their functions but no their individual ones

Answer 10

j

Question 11

why not use RDA for groups

Answer 11

individual- make sure their intake is above the rda, if you use the EAR its not sure but a probability because only 50%

for group: ear- use to examine the prevelance of inadequate intakes within a group look at the bell curve- which percentage of the group is in the indadequancy - the rda would overestimate!!!! nutrient deficiencies

Question 12

overestimate the probability of inadequacy

Answer 12

rda for groups

Question 13

calculation- dont need to memorise

Answer 13

w

Question 14

starts at 8:20

Answer 14

come early