Reviews and class notes

Question 0

Form of Necrosis commonly seen in injuries of the CNS

Answer 0

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 1

A form of Necrosis associated with TB?

Answer 1

Caseous Necrosis

Question 2

Metaplasia

Answer 2

1. Replacement of one cell type with another

Question 3

Gas Gangrene

Answer 3

Necrosis caused by clostridium

Question 4

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

Answer 4

1. Poorly differentiated
2. Metastasis
3. Infiltrate growth mode
4. Poor cellular cohesiveness

Question 5

Telomeres

Answer 5

1. Encode and repair proteins for damaged DNA

2. Cancer cells have a longer telomere cap at the ends of DNA which makes the CA cell immortal

Question 6

Known Routes of metastasis include

Answer 6

1. Lymphatic Spread

2. Blood stream dissemination

Question 7

Sequence of Carcinogenesis

Answer 7

1. Several Mutagenic Hits to the DNA
2. Reactivation of telomerase
3. Development of immortal cells

Question 8

What is the #1 nursing priority with a patient that just came onto the floor after lung resection

Answer 8

1. Maintain Airway patent

Question 9

PUS in the inflammatory response

Answer 9

1. If you see pus, the inflammatory process has already been going on for a while!

Question 10

Inflammatory Response

-to toxins

Answer 10

1. Inflammatory response DISSOLVES substances (toxins) and bacteria that come into the body from cellular injury

Question 11

Mast Cells Can Degranulate by:

Answer 11

1. A substance touching the mast cell

2. Chemical components talking to the mast cell

Question 12

Mast Cell Degranulation

Answer 12

1. Can ignite inflammatory process within minutes

Can compromise breathing if mast cells are in the lungs

Question 13

Macrophage

Answer 13

1. Engulf cellular debris
2. Present foreign proteins or antigens to lymphocytes
3. Found throughout the body

Question 14

Cytokines

Answer 14

1. Increase the bactericidal effects of macrophages

Question 15

Neutrophils

Answer 15

1. 1st white blood cell to arrive at site of tissue injury/infection
2. If neutrophil count is elevated above other CBC count, it may be a sign of an infection that just started
3. Live 24 hrs then turn into pus

Question 16

Macrophages and Lymphocytes at the Site of Infection

Answer 16

1. Elevated macrophages and lymphocytes are a sign of a chronic infection

Question 17

Basophils

Answer 17

1. Protect mucosal surfaces

2. Release cell mediators that promote inflammatory response (much like mast cells)

Question 18

If Pt has infection…?

Answer 18

1. There was a lack of recognition of the pathogen

2. There wasn’t a large enough Immune reaction

Question 19

Histamine

Answer 19

1. Released by Mast Cells
2. Constriction of large blood vessels
3. Dilation of post capillary venules
4. Increasing vascular permeability

Question 20

H1 Receptor Blockers

Answer 20

1. Benadryl

Question 21

H2 Receptor Blockers

Answer 21

Protonix

Question 22

What are Vascular Effects R/T Inflammation

Answer 22

1. Vasodilation

2. Increased vascular permeability

Question 23

Cytokines & Chemokines

Answer 23

1. Proteins that affect other cells
2. May be pro or anti-inflammatory
3. Bind to appropriate target cells

Question 24

Bacterial Infection & Fever

Answer 24

1. Usually bacterial infections cause HIGH FEVERS

Question 25

Temperature and infection

Answer 25

1. Bacterial Infection induces high fever | 2. Viral infection induces low grade fever

Question 26

Shivering and Temperature

Answer 26

1. When a patient is shivering the Pt's Temp is going up

Question 27

TB is transmitted by?

Answer 27

1. Inhalation of infected droplets

Question 28

Anti-tuberculin medication for active TB. How long will treatment last?

Answer 28

6-9 months

Question 29

TB is?

Answer 29

1. Caused by aerobic bacillus 2. May affect other organs (Myalary TB) 3. Anti-bodies may be detected through skin test

Question 30

What cells can clone themselves

Answer 30

1. T & B Cells

Question 31

Plasma Cells | -Another name

Answer 31

Plasma Cells

Question 32

Safety precautions for TB PT

Answer 32

1. HEPA N95 mask | 2. Negative airflow room

Question 33

Attenuated Vaccine

Answer 33

1. Weakened live Virus to induce immune response Don't give live bacteria

Question 34

Attenuated Virus | -Contraindication

Answer 34

1. Weakened immune system | 2. Children under the age of 2

Question 35

MRSA

Answer 35

1. Flesh eating bacteria | 2. Treated with Vancomycin