TRANSFERABILITY OF FINDINGS
- findings specific to research context methods and findings to generate theory & to reveal the unique meanings of human experience in human environments
- emergence of explanations, principles, concepts, theories
- understand the richness & and depth in once context
- NOT for generalization
What does it mean to be flexible?
The nature of research query, Scope of study, and Manner in which information is obtained are Constantly reformulated &, realigned to fit the emerging, truths as they are discovered and obtained
Language rigour
language, symbols, ways of expression provide the data through which the investigator comes to understand & derive meaning within each context
destruct lang- identify political usages
tranlsate- look for accuracy
EMIC perspective
refers to the insider’s or informant’s way of understanding & interpreting experience
Data gathering & analysis are designed to enable the investigator to reveal the ‘voices’ of the individuals & interpret their unique perceptions of their reality
ETIC perspective
refers to the structural aspects or those that are external to a group
Assumes that those who do not experience a phenomenon can come to know it through
- structuring an investigation
- selecting a theoretical foundation that expands beyond the group being examined
- the lens conducting the interpretation of the data
EMIC or ETIC which perspective to choose?
- can start with emic perspective and then change to etic perspective
i. e. data collected with emic perspective but during analysis move back & forth between data and external concepts to help explain the data - Other designs favour just emic perspective
i. e. phenomenology
what does the investigator’s stand regarding an emic or etic perspective shape?
- the overall design that is chosen
- specific data that are collected
- analytical processes
Analysis is
Ongoing process throughout data collection
Data gathering & data analysis are inter‐dependent processes
Frames the scope & direction of further data
collection
INTERACTIVE
ITERATIVE
DYNAMIC
Classical critera of MERIT
Truth Value • confidence in the accuracy of findings Applicability • degree to which findings can be used Consistency • findings would be consistent in replication Neutrality • findings not a function of research conditions
Qual and Quant merit criterion chart
CRITERIA QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
TRUTH VALUE credibility internal validity
APPLICABILITY transferability external validity
CONSISTENCY dependability reliability
NEUTRALITY confirmability objectivity
Criterion 1 Truth Value
CREDIBILITY • research needs to represent the multiple realities as adequately as possible • descriptions resonate with the people studied • people who share the experience recognize it
INTERNAL VALIDITY • ensuring that the findings are not a function of other factors (threats) • changes in the dependent variable are accounted for by changes in the independent variable • focuses on cause‐effect
criterion 2 applicability
TRANSFERABILITY • thick description • researcher provides adequate detail to determine if the sample and findings ‘fit’ in another situation EXTERNAL VALIDITY • ability to generalize findings from the study sample to the larger population • factors • i.e. sample selection & characteristics, setting, context, attrition, etc
criteron 3 Consistency
DEPENDABILITY • variability is expected • key is to track and describe variability • researcher examines & attempts to explain sources of variability RELIABILITY • dependent on reliability of measures & consistency of procedures • high levels of control needed • is the study and its findings replicable?
Criteron 4 neutraility
CONFIRMABILITY • focus is on the quality of data • prolonged contact between the researcher & participant • achieved via truth value & applicability OBJECTIVITY • achieved by minimizing bias • valid & reliable measures • distance between the researcher & participant
