River Tees

Question 1

Describe the High Force waterfall

Answer 1

• UK’s largest waterfall by volume
• 70ft tall
• 20cubic meters per second/flow rate
• A hard layer of Whinstone on top of layers of soft rock (sandstone)
• the plunge pool is where the delerite rock wall is undercut

Question 2

Describe the source of the river Tees

Answer 2

• The Pennines
• marshy lands
• annual rainfall 1200ml
• 600m altitiude
• boggy, gloomy, rainy

Question 3

Describe the upper course of the river Tees

Answer 3

-Hard impermeable rocks
- The High Force waterfall
• Steep gradient
• V-shaped valley
• Narrow, shallow channel

Question 4

where in the river Tees is the High Force waterfall

Answer 4

upper course

Question 5

Describe the Cow Green Reservoir

Answer 5

• store of water
• compaines control the amount of water allowed into the reservoir
• 5km from the source so no sharp rocks left
• 350m above sea level

Question 6

Describe the middle course of the river Tees

Answer 6

• 10km flood plain either side
• no valley
• river looses energy and drops big rocks
• rainfall lower
• bedload is smaller and more small rocks
• LATERAL EROSION
• meanders start to form

Question 7

Describe the lower course of the river Tees

Answer 7

• large meanders changing constantly
• the meanders are well developed with bars in the channel indicating high sediment load
• levees formed from where floods have happened

Question 8

Describe meanders

Answer 8

• maximum energy on the outside of the bed where water is fastest
• oxbow lakes form when meander neck narrows and eventually the river cuts through the neck (usually during floods)
• deposition on the inside of the bend where the energy is low
• helicoidal flow
• river cliff = outside bank
• slip off slope = inner bank

Question 9

Describe how levees form

Answer 9

• repeated flooding of the river.
• When the river floods, during periods of high energy, the water and the load it is carrying will leave the channel.
• Due to the drop in energy caused by friction, the biggest, most coarse material will be dumped close to the river banks.
• With repeated flooding, this will continue to build up the levee over time.

Question 10

what is a gorge and how is it formed

Answer 10

• a gorge can form as when a waterfall retreats over time
• the soft rock is easily eroded
• this leaves a hard rock overhang
• this then collaspes and falls into the water below
• steep sided

Question 11

Describe the place Yarm

Answer 11

• inside its own meander
• a shipping port

Question 12

describe the place Stockton

Answer 12

• center of industrial revolution
• chopped off 2 meanders to make a 3km straight channel to the sea
• new course/ channel straightening

Question 13

What happens at the estuary

Answer 13

• the natural deepness of the river enables big ships
• bedload is mud and silt
  Manmade
• iron works
• steel works
  -nuclear power station

-golf course
- view point
maxium varity in mimamulist distance
heavy industry and human intervention

Question 14

charateristcs of the upper valley - place specifc detail

Answer 14

• width 3.25km
• 5km from the source
• between hard hill and round hill
• mass movement adds load to the river
• large amount of energy
• river occupys most of the rover floor

Question 15

Interlocking spurs

Answer 15

A series of ridges projecting out on alternate sides of a valley and around which a river winds its course.

Question 16

How is a waterfall formed?

Answer 16

• horizontal bands of hard rock positioned over soft rock.
• The soft rock is eroded quicker than the hard rock and this creates a step.
• plunge pool forms - turbulence in the pool erodes the back wall
• hard rock is undercut forming an overhang

Question 17

How is a V-shaped valley formed?

Answer 17

• The river carries stones and rocks in its water.
• The force of water and the grinding of rocks and stones cut down into the river bed to carve out a valley.
• Over time the valley becomes deeper and wider.

Question 18

How are floodplains formed?

Answer 18

A floodplain is an area of land which is covered in water when a river bursts its banks. Floodplains form due to both erosion and deposition. Erosion removes any interlocking spurs , creating a wide, flat area on either side of the river.

Question 19

How is an oxbow lake formed?

Answer 19

After a long period of time, the meander becomes very curved, and eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower and the river cuts through the neck during a flood, cutting off the meander and forming an oxbow lake.

Question 20

How do resoviours work

Answer 20

• large body of water
• it can change the flow of a river with its dam
• it captures and stores water

Question 21

How do water transfer schemes work

Answer 21

• transfer water to regions of the UK where water is less resourceful
• can be done through: rivers, canals, or pipelines

Question 22

Named example of reservior

Answer 22

Cow Green reservoir

Question 23

Named example of water transfer scheme

Answer 23

Norfolk’s River Elyouise to River Stour Essex
—> has done 400 million litres

Question 24

Impact of reservoirs

Answer 24

• loss of settlements/farmland from flooded landscaped to create them
• sediment can accumulate in dams = chemical imbalance = eutrophication
• requires energy and concrete can disrupt local ecology and affect life cycles

Question 25

What are the impacts of water transfer schemes on the environment

Answer 25

- lead to nutrient imbalances - sediment can accumulate in pipelines - silt build up