Role Models

Question 1

Role Model

Answer 1

Comparison target
- mostly superior to the population
- wants to support specific attitudes/behaviors

Question 2

Role Models as Behavioural Models

Answer 2

1. show skills and behavior that is desired
2. Observation and comparison lead to behavioral change

Question 3

Role Models as possible self

Answer 3

1. Show possible states of life

Question 4

Role Model as Inspiration

Answer 4

Excite us for behavior

Question 5

Principles of Role Models

Answer 5

1. Relevance
2. Attainability
3. Positive or negative?

Question 6

Relevance

Answer 6

Identification leads to influence
Age, gender, ethnicity, background

Question 7

Attainability and what it leads to?

Answer 7

Yes = Goal setting, increases competence and self-efficacy
No = Discouragement, negative influence

Question 8

Regulatory Focus

Answer 8

1. Promotion focused
   - the eager pursuit of gains or success
   - high motivation and persistence on tasks that are framed in terms of promotion
2. Prevention focused
   - avoidance of losses or failure
   - security, safety focus

Depends on stable (e.g. traits like = self-esteem) and situational factors (e.g. risk and reward)

Question 9

Information sensitivity & regulatory focus

Answer 9

Sensitivity high for prefered regulatory focus

Question 10

Obama effect

Answer 10

Role Model’s success buffer stereotype threats of a population

Question 11

Social Mimicry

Answer 11

Influences our own behavior by observing others

Question 12

Principles/Types of Social Comparison

Answer 12

1. Self-evaluation
2. Self-improvement
3. Self-enhancement

Question 13

Self-knowledge (related to social comparison)

Answer 13

To evaluate our:
1. skills, feelings, goals
Understanding which social norms we belong to

Question 14

Obstacles to Self-knowledge

Answer 14

1. often need to be self-protective or self-serving
2. explicit & implicit processes just give us information partly

Question 15

Social Comparison Theory

Question 16

Self-evaluation

Answer 16

The need for accurate self-evaluation with others
- grading in class

Question 17

Self-improvement

Answer 17

Information to develop one’s self through others
- role models in sport

Question 18

Self-enhancement

Answer 18

Need to increase self-worth and positive self-image
- comparing with people doing worse than me

Question 19

Upward Comparison

Answer 19

Comparison with someone doing subjectively better
-Self-evaluation and self-improvement

Question 20

Downwards Comparison

Answer 20

Comparison with someone doing subjectively worse
- Self-enhancement

Question 21

When is which target for comparison chosen?

Answer 21

self-evaluation & self-improvement motive:

acquiring accurate evaluations of your abilities & opinions
-> slightly better off other
because these are the ones that will provide us with the most info about ourselves

Self-enhancement motive:

to boost your self-esteem
-> worse-off other

Question 22

Self-Evaluation Model

Answer 22

1. Relevance
   - components of comparison target are relevant to us
2. Closeness
   - primary or secondary group

Question 23

Consequences of Upward Social Comparison

Answer 23

1. can be positive, lead to inspiration
2. can be negative, leading to envy & jealousy

Attainability is important for the effects

Question 24

Consequences of Downward Comparison

Answer 24

1. can be positive for the reduction of anxiety
2. can be negative with high closeness and leads to fear of future self

Question 25

Contrast effects

Answer 25

Evaluating yourself away from the target and focusing on differences between you and the target - dissimilarity testing

Question 26

Assimilation

Answer 26

Evaluating toward target and focusing on similarities between you and the target - similarity testing

Question 27

Similarity

Answer 27

Similar: could be future you –> identification Dissimilar: not future you –> contrast Bc similar others are often closer to others they show more information about myself

Question 28

Identification Contrast Model

Answer 28

1. Identification upwards = I also wanna do good when people doing good 2. Identification downwards = I feel anxious when others around do worse than me 3. Contrast upwards = I feel frustrated when others do better than me 4. Contrast downwards = I feel better when I see people doing worse than me

Question 29

Selective Accessibility Model

Answer 29

1. Assimilation or Contrast hypothesis 2. Looking for information to support our hypothesis 3. Confirm it

Question 30

Self-evaluation Maintenance Model (SEM)

Answer 30

Relevance in closeness influences how the behavior of someone else is affecting us E.g. A sibling (closeness) performs better in a sport we also play (relevance) our self-evaluation will be low

Question 31

Social-Discrepancy Theory

Answer 31

The discrepancies between your expectations and your actual self 1. Ideal self (your ideal image) can lead to - unhappiness, depression 2. Ought self (who you think others want you to be) can lead to - anxiety, fear

Question 32

Social Comparison & Social Media