1
Q
What was at the core of Roman beliefs?
A
That it was thier destiny to rule to known world
2
Q
What were the 2 significant Italian mountain ranges of Rome?
A
The Alps and the Apennine Mountains
3
Q
What was the significance of the Alps?
A
It provided them a formidable protective barrier from their enemies outside
4
Q
What was the significance of the Apennine Mountains?
A
It caused internal communications to be difficult, because of how hard it was to penetrate
5
Q
What was the significance of the Location of the Alps to Rome?
A
It cut off the Peninsula from the rest of Europe
6
Q
What is a Peninsula?
A
A piece of land almost entirely surrounded by water, or projecting out of the mainland into a body of water
7
Q
What is the land of Rome called as geographically?
A
A Peninsula
8
Q
What was the significance of the Location of the Apennine Mountains to Rome?
A
It went straight through the Peninsula
9
Q
What was the significance of Sicily and Egypt to Rome?
A
Rome relied heavily for their grain to be imported from Sicily and Egypt
10
Q
What caused Rome to rely even more on Sicily and Egypt for grain?
A
Their urban population was expanding
11
Q
Who was the first Roman ruler of Egypt?
A
Octavian
12
Q
What nation was the Granary of the Roman Empire?
A
Egypt
13
Q
Where did most of Rome’s grain come from?
A
Egypt
14
Q
What were the 4 most important geographical features that played important parts in the rise of Rome?
A
- Relatively mild climate
- General agricultural Prosperity
- Seclusion from the rest of Europe
- The central position in the Mediterranean Sea
15
Q
What allowed archaeologists to learn about the Etruscans?
A
Their tombs
16
Q
How did the Etruscans make their tombs?
A
They made their tombs to resemble the houses of the living. There would be pictures of their daily life drawn on the walls.
17
Q
At the height of Etruscan culture, what other cultures competed with the Etruscans in the Mediterranean?
A
The Greek city-states and the Carthaginians
18
Q
What is the story of the origin of Rome?
A
The 2 brothers, Romulus and Remus, fought over who had the authority to found the city. Romulus was favored, but Remus was angry and so challenged him and was killed as a result
19
Q
With what did Rome have it’s origins in?
A
It had its origins in bloodshed
20
Q
Who was Lucretia?
A
Virtuous aristocratic woman who was ##### by the Etruscan prince, and so committed suicide. Roblox chat filter sorray
21
Q
What was significant about the r*** of Lucretia?
A
roblox chat filter oops. The people got angry and rebelled, expelling the now-last king of Etruscan and ending Etruscan rule of Rome.
22
Q
What was significant about the Roman capture of Veii?
A
It caused the military power of the Etruscans to collapse and marked the end of Etruscans prevelance
23
Q
What happened to the remaining Etruscans after the end of Etruscan prevelance?
A
They were eventually absorbed into the new Republic of Rome.
24
Q
What things did the Etruscans bring to the Romans?
A
- Numerals
- a fondness for blood sport
- a belief in Hades and the underwold gods
- augury
- excessive superstition
25
What did the Romans adopt from the Etrsucans?
Some elements of their political affairs
26
When was the supposed date Romulus established Rome? ⭐️
April 21, 752 B.C
27
How did people count the date back then?
They would like just count down from however many years until Christ was born - though they didn't know what was gonna happen when they reached 0 yet.
28
How did the Etruscans make their amries?
Uniquely, rather than conscripting peasants, they had a well-trained elite force that consisted usually only of the aristocrats
29
What did the Romans think of thier Armies?
They believed it was a civic duty to serve in the military so everyone was required to join the army
30
What was Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of?
A statue with a head of gold, chest and arms of silver, belly and thighs of bronze, legs of iron, and feet of partly of iron and partly of clay
31
What did the *Gold Head* of the statue represent in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
Babylon
32
What did the *Silver Arms* of the statue represent in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
Persia and the Medes
33
What did the *Bronze Belly and Theighs* of the statue represent in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
Greece
34
What did the *Iron Legs* of the statue represent in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
Rome
35
What did the *Half- Clay Half-Iron Feet* of the statue represent in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
We don’t exactly know for certainty, but there are good guesses
36
What happened to the Statue in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
A rock struck the statue and destroyed it
37
What did the *Rock* represent in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
The Kingdom of Heaven / The Church
38
What *kind* of Kingdom was the Rock in Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream?
**One that would endure *forever!*** A kingdom that would never be destroyed or left to another people. It will crush all the kingdoms of the dream.
39
What was the significance of the River of Po in Rome?
It is the border between Italy and the Northern Nations
40
What was the significance of the River of Tiber in Rome?
It links Rome to the Tyrrhenian Sea
41
What was the significance of the location of Rome?
It was in the direct center of Italy where the trade routes were. Surrounded by a ring of hills making defence easier.
42
Who were the Etruscans?
They were **Sophisticated people inhabiting North-central Italy prior to Roman dominance**
43
Who was Livy?
Roman historian who wrote the history of Rome
44
What did the Roman Historian Livy write?
Ab Urbe Condita
45
What does “*Ad Urbe Condita*” mean?
‘From the Founding of the City’
46
What did they use to decide between Romulus and Remus who would rule Rome?
Augury
47
Who was L. Tarquinius Priscans?
The first Etruscan King of Rome
48
Who was Servius Tullius?
Second Etruscan king of Rome
49
What did King Servius Tullius do?
He **underwent a Program of Urban Renewal of Rome**
50
What was Servius Tullius *called* by the Romans?
The **“Last Benevolant King of Rome”**
51
Who was Sextus?
Son of Etruscan King Tarquin the Proud
52
Who was Tarquinius Superbus?
Reasearch. . .
53
What was the significance of the Battle of Cumae?
Research. . .
54
What illustrated the savagery of ancient Rome?
The Colosseum
55
*When* was the Colosseum built?
70 A.D
56
Who were the Patricians?
The overbearing, **land-owning aristocracy**, rich
57
Who were the Plebians?
The **often landless poor**
58
What was the Social Conflict between the Patricians and Plebeians?
The **Struggle of Orders**
59
How did the Romans try to solve the Struggle of Orders?
With the establishment of the Concilium Pleibis
60
What were Plebiscita’s?
**Decrees passed by the Concilium Plebiscite** that had the force of law
61
What was one of the most notable achievements of the Early Roman Republic?
The development of Roman Law
62
What were the 3 Kinds of Laws developed in the Early Roman Empire?
1. Ius Civil / Civil Law
2. Ius Naturale / Natural Law
3. Iuse Gentium / Laws of People
63
What were the 4 Spirits of the law?
- Protect property
- Protect life and reputation of citizens
- Redress wrongs
- Give satisfaction to victims
64
What did the Early Rome have to develop as they came in contact with foreigners?
Laws
65
What were the purpose of the Ius Gentium (Gentile Laws)?
To deal with disputes between Romans and foreigners and between foreigners under Roman rule.
66
What did they resort to to make the Ius Gentilium?
The law of **equity, that which is right and just to all parties**
67
What was Natural Law?
A universal law that could be applied to all societies
68
What is Father in Latin?
Pater
69
What is Mother in Latin?
Mater
70
Who was the most important family member?
The Father
71
What kind of society was Rome?
A patriarchal society
72
When did the father loose his power over his family?
**When he died.** He had complete rule over his son no matter who he was. It was like a mini kingdom
73
What does the Bible has to say on Universal Law?
“They show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts sometimes accusing them and at other times even defending them.” (Romans 2:5). God judged the whole generation of Noah, though they had no Bible. It would have been unfair of God to judge them if they didn’t know right vs. wrong. So there must have been a universal law they knew by heart, things they knew were wrong (and then did themselves). C.S Lewis says this: “
74
What are some things the father could do to his son?
Imprison him, send him to work in the fields, or even put him into death
75
What did the Romans dislike in the early Republic?
Luxury
76
What were the 4 key virtues they admired in the Early Roman Republic?
1. Pietas
2. Fides
3. Religio
4. Ingravitas
77
What was the virtue of ‘Pietas’?
Respect for established authority
78
What was the virtue of ‘Fides’?
Doing your responsibilities
79
What was the virtue of ‘Religio’?
The commons beliefs that bind men togeather
80
What was the virtue of ‘Ingravitas’?
Sober seriousness that marks a man
81
What were all the virtues of the Early Roman Empire related to?
Discipline and discipline
82
What was the Latin word for ‘Luxury’?
Luxus
83
What changed, in regards to virtue, later in the Republic?
Their view of luxury and excess
84
What became the main goal later in the Republic?
Impressing people
85
What was Conspicuous Consumption?
Great consumption of luxuries to enhance one’s prestige
86
What were the Punic Wars?
The 3 Wars between Rome and Carthage
87
Who was Hannibal?
Military Leader in the second Punic War
88
Who was Hamilcar Barca?
Father of Hannibal and leader of Carthage in the first Punic War
89
What was the significance of the Battle of Cannae?
Roman army was defeated by Hannibal. 50,000 Romans out of 86,000 died. Showed Carthage superiority
90
What was the significance of the Battle of Zama?
Final Roman Victory in the Second Punic War
91
Who was Publicus Scipio Aemilianus?
**Roman commander in the Second Punic War.** Polybus quotes him **saying “We have made a desert and called it peace.”**
92
Who was Tiberius Gracchus?
Tribune in 133 B.C. Thinks he could solve the problems of the poor. Brother of Gaius Gracchus.
93
Who was Gaius Gracchus?
Tribune in 123 B.C. Brother of Tiberius Gracchus. Also thinks he could solve the problems of the poor.
94
What was the Social War?
A war between the rich and the upraising do the non-citizen Italians.
95
What were the Twelve Tables?
Tablet containing wall the civil laws for the people to read it
96
Who was Polybus?
Greek Historian who wrote about the Punic Wars
97
What was the first threat to the survival of Rome?
Carthege
98
How was Rome’s army its Early Stages?
**1. A state army** (apart of the state)
**2. An amateur army**
**3. Best trained ever**
99
What are the 3 kinds of armies?
1. A Pro army
2. A Standing army
3. An Amateur army
100
What was Rome’s claim concerning their early wars?
It was **Defensive Aggression**
101
What was the Genius of the Roman War Machine?
**Holistic Battle**; training, discipline, politics, technology, all mixed togeather
102
What does Holistic mean?
**Putting everything togeather instead of just in parts.** A sandwich, instead of just lettuce, tomato’s, and bread.
103
What did Rome “steal” that helped them in war?
Technology
104
Agaisnt whole do the Romans launch an offensive war?
Carthage
105
What did Rome do to Carthage after defeating them in the Third Punic War?
Put salt all around their kingdom to make sure no living thing could ever grow there again
106
What is Thusididies Trap?
War is inevitable when a nation is rising up threatening and existing power
107
What did Rome have to Develop in order to fight the First Punic War?
A navy
108
How did Rome make their Navy?
They found a Carthaginian Ship and copied *exactly* for themselves
109
What was the future significance of Carthaginians Surrender in the First Punic War?
Itty bitty little Hannibal witnessing his father’s great desire for revenge
110
What 3 military qualities did Hannibal possess and what did this mean for Rome?
He was a **Great Motivator, Innovator, and knows exactly what to pursue in a battle** (reading the enemy)
111
Why didn’t Hannibal take Rome despite his success in Italy?
Rome had large walls and Hannibal didn’t have the supplies for a siege
112
Why did Hannibal leave Italy?
Rome was afraid and so attacked Carthage itself, forcing Hannibal to need to come back
113
How did Hannibal die?
He killed himself by drinking poison
114
What is there to rememeber while studying history?
Remember: **You’re Epic and Beautiful!!**
115
What was the significance of Marius?
- He created a standing army
- The loyalty of the soldiers in these armies were to the general, not to the state
116
Who was the first to take advantage of the new armies Marius created?
Lucius Cornelius **Sulla**
117
What did Sulla do when he was ordered to hand over control of his army?
Attacked Rome and killed his political enemies
118
Why did Sulla spend so much money on his soldiers?
To make soldiers of other generals leave and join his army instead
119
What is the significance of the Rubicon River?
Julius Caesar was ordered to Rome without his army. By crossing the Rubicon with his army he was declaring war on Rome
120
How was Sulla a threat to Rome?
Rome couldn’t control Sulla
121
What was the character of Sulla?
Cunning and brilliant. He aways gets what he wants
122
What was at stake with the conflict between Sulla and the Senate?
**The entire future of the Roman state.** Can Rome’s government control the ambitions of her generals, or will brute force triumph over law?
123
What did Sulla do once in control of Rome?
Made proscriptions
124
What are *Proscriptions*?
Lists of enemies with cash rewards on their deaths
125
What does Augustus bring to Rome?
Peace and empire
126
What advice does Augustus give future Roman Emperors?
He warns them of the dangers of having too big on an empire
127
Who was Trajan?
Last Roman Emperor to expand Rome
128
What does Rome concentrate on after its days of conquest?
Holding up the borders
129
As time goes by, what 4 problems does the Empire face?
1. Attacks from Barbarians
2. Emperors were more likely to die from assassination than old age
3. There were no clear successors to the throne
4. Civil War
130
What caused the once mighty Roman Legions in the Empire to lose their edge?
The hadn’t fought a defensive battle in over a century
131
What of significance happens to the emperor Valerian?
He was forced to negotiate a peace treaty with Persia, but he was taken prisoner and killed instead
132
What kind of reign did Sulla have?
A reign of terror
133
Who was the battle of Collin’s Gate between?
Sulla and Marius
134
Who won the Battle of the Colline Gate?
Sulla
135
What was the significance of the Battle of the Colline Gate?
Sulla appointed himself dictator of Rome
136
How did Pompey make his reputation?
He vanquished the pirates in the Mediterranean
137
Who captured Jerusalem for Rome?
Pompey
138
What did all the members of the First Triumvirate have in common?
None of them cared for the constitution
139
How did Crassus make his reputation?
He crushed the slave revolt by Spartacus
140
Who was Spartacus?
A gladiator who led a bloody slave rebellion
141
What did Crassus do to Spartacus and his men after defeating them?
He crucified them on the Appian Way
142
Who was the Battle of Carrhae between?
Crassus and the Parthians
143
How did the Parthians kill Crassus?
Filling his mouth with molten gold
144
How did Julius Caesar make his reputation?
He conquered the Gauls
145
What was it illegal to do with the Rubicon?
Cross it with your army; it was basically declaring war on Rome
146
What *Kind* of battle was the Battle of the Colline Gate?
It was civil war
147
What was the First Triumvirate?
The alliance and rule of the 3 men, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
148
149
Who were Brutus and Cassius?
Main conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar
150
Why did Brutus and Cassius want to assassinate Julius Caesar?
They were concerned with the amount of power Julius Caesar was accumulating - he was acting like a king
151
What was the *final straw* that made Brutus and Cassius determined to assassinate Julius Caesar?
The offering of a crown by Marc Antony
152
Who was the nephew of Marius?
Julius Caesar
153
What did Sulla do to Julius?
Ordered him to be killed
154
How did Julius Caesar survive Sulla’s reign?
He bribed Sulla’s soldiers to not kill him, and left Rome until Sulla died
155
What did Crassus gamble on?
He gambled on Caesars career, continuously lending him money
156
What was Caesar’s goal?
He wanted military glory and triumph
157
What was Cassus’s goal?
He wanted money; a share of the Asian taxes
158
What was Pompey’s goal?
He wanted land for his 40,000 veterans because the state didn’t provide it. He had the only noble goal
159
What was the First Triumvirate called by Varro?
The Three-Headed Monster
160
What was the first recorded genocide?
Julius Caesar’s conquest of Gaul
161
How did Julius win the loyalty of his soldiers?
He shared fully in their hardships
162
Why did the First Triumvirate fall?
Crassus died, removing the buffer between Caesar and Pompey
163
What did Julius Caesar say when crossing the Rubicon?
“The die is cast”
164
Where did Pompey flee to after being defeated by Caesar?
Alexandria, Egypt
165
Why did Ptolemy XIII order to kill Pompey?
To win Caesar’s favour
166
What is sad about Brutus and Cassius’s assassination of Caesar?
They had both been previously pardoned by Caesar for their suppost of Pompey. He was merciful to them when they should have been killed
167
Who did Brutus claim decent from?
The Brutus who killed Tarquinius Superbus
168
What was the significance of the first Roman Civil Wa?
It showed the Army was loyal to the general
169
What was the significance of the Second Roman Civil War?
Caesar is now dictator of Rome
170
What is the significance of the third civil war of Rome?
Octavian was now Emperor of Rome
171
What happened after the assassination of Julius Caesar?
The Second Triumvirate was formed to avenge Julius Caesar’s assassination and keep power
172
Who made up the Second Triumvirate?
Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus
173
Who killed Cicero?
Marc Antony’s men
174
How did Brutus and Cassius die?
They killed themselves
175
What was the Treaty of Brunsisium?
Octavian got control of the West of the Empire, Marc Antony the East, and Lepidus Africa
176
Who was Marc Antony married to?
Octavian’s sister, Octavian, it was a political marrage
177
What did Marc Antony do to Octavia?
Divorced her to marry Cleopatra
178
What is interesting about the Roman’s view on marriage for their day?
They only married one person at a time, which no one else did in their day
179
What was the Battle of Actium between?
Octavian and Marc Antony / Cleopatra
180
Who won the Battle of Actium?
Octavian
181
What *kind* of battle was the Battle of Actium?
A Navel Battle
182
What is the significance of the defeat of the Battle of Actium?
Marks the end of the Republic. Octavian now ruled the world
183
How did Octavian secure the loyalty of Rome’s soldiers?
He handed out huge case bonuses
184
What did the senate give Octavian?
Absolute power for life
185
What did the Roman Republic become once they gave Octavian complete power?
The Roman Republic
186
What did Octavian change his name to?
Augustus
187
What was the goal of the gladiators?
To win enough money to buy their freedom. Also not die
188
Why did most people just accept Augustus as emperor?
He offered the peace and stability they had been wanting for a century
189
What does ‘*Pas Romana*’ mean?
Roman Peace
190
What was the Pax Romana?
The longest period of peace experienced by the Roman Empire
191
What did Augustus fail to provide for the Roman Empire?
Security; a heir
192
Who was Suetonius?
A Roman biographer who wrote about the lives of the Caesars
193
Who was Tiberius?
The second emperor of Rome and he started off pretty good. He freely supported free speech, even when it harmed him
194
What changed Tiberius?
The death of his sons. He became self-indulgent and a cruel, vicious, and violent mean-spirited man
195
Who was the greatest threat to the Emperors of Rome?
The Praetorian Guards, elite troops meant to protect emperors, not kill them
196
Who was Sejanus?
Commander of the Praetorian Guards under Tiberius
197
Who was Caligula?
Adopted son of Tiberius and third emperor of Rome. He acted brashly toward the senate
198
How did the Senate respond to Caligula’s brashness?
They bribed the Praetorian Guards to murder him
199
Who was the legitimate heir after Caligula?
His uncle, Claudius
200
What did Claudius began the conquest of?
Britain
201
What did Claudius build?
The *Aqua Claudia*, an aqua duct
202
Who was Emperor after Claudius?
Nero
203
What is the order of the first 5 emperors of Rome?
1. Augustus
2. Tiberius
3. Caligula
4. Claudius
5. Nero
204
How old was Nero when he became emperor?
16
205
Who was Seneca?
Nero’s tutor who kept him on the straight path
206
What did Nero blame on the Christians?
A huge fire destroyed 1/3 of Rome. People were blaming him for this so he took the blame off himself by saying the Christian’s did it
207
What was the Circus Maximus?
Chariot racetrack for entertainment. Also used for Roman Games and gladiator fights
208
Who was Galba?
Roman Emperor after Nero
209
Who was Otho?
Emperor after Galba. He payed the Praetorian Guards to murder Galba and took the throne for himself
210
Who was Vitellius?
Emperor after Otho. Proclaimed himself Emperor and marched on Rome.
211
Who was Vespasian?
Kills Vitellius and becomes Emperor. Builds the coliseum
212
Who was Titus?
Son of Vespasian and emperor after him. He destroys the Jewish Temple and starts the diaspora
213
Who was Constantine?
First Christian Emperor of Rome. He makes Christianity the religion of the empire
214
What are the 5 Economic reasons for the Fall of Rome?
1. Disease/Plague
2. Soil Exhaustion
3. Trade Problems
4. Plunder Economy
5. Crippling Inflatiom
215
What is a plunder economy?
Their wealth wasn’t produced by selling a good, but by looting other nations
216
What are the 5 Military reasons for the Fall of Rome?
1. Over-expansion
2. Emperor’s reliance on the military
3. Barbarians
4. Water down military
5. Military disasters
217
What are the 2 Political reasons for the Fall of Rome?
1. Corruption
2. Quality of Emperors
218
What are the 2 Societal reasons for the Fall of Rome?
1. Christianity
2. Lead Pipes and Pots
History Grade 11
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