Roundworms Flashcards

Question

Parasites found in lung lobes

Answer 1

- Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi: pig • Oslerus rostratus: dog, cat, wild cat • Filaroides milksi, F. hirthi: dog, wild dog - Capillaria aerophila: fox, dog, cat - Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: cat, wild cats

Answer 2

- Capillaria aerophila: fox, dog, cat

Answer 3

Angiostrongylus vasorum: fox, dog and other canids, rarely cat

Answer 4

- Hyostrongylus: red, filariform oeso., bursa copul. - Amidostomosis: red, shallow buccal capsule - Trichostrongylus: male; spiculum + bursa copul. * Haemonchus: female; red/white barber-pole+pied+valvular flap to cover vulva * Ostertagia, Teladorsagia: divided spiculums w. holes at the end * Trichostrongylus: has gabernaculum * Cooperia: ring-like structure on neck + swollen area on spiculum + "shoe"-like structure on spiculum * Nematodirus: ant. part much thinner than post. part. v.long spicules, - Hookworms: Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Bunostoma: large buccal capsule w. paired teeth - don´t need to distinguish - Strongyloidosis: long, thin, GO in middle of female - Parascaris: 20-40 cm, white - Bovine toxocara: 15-30 cm, white - Ascaridiosis: 15-40 cm, white - Car toxocara: 3 lips, curly tail in male+spiculum, lateral wings ant., - Heterakis: pre-anal sucker - Strongylidosis: large buccal capsules w. 2(S.v)/4(S.eq)/0 (S.ed) teeth, ant. part rounded, many gut cells - Strongylosis: ring-shaped buccal capsule, few gut cells - Oseophagostomosis: shallow buccal capsule, swollen veisicle (but still filariform), bursa copulatoris - Chabertiosis: large buccal capsule, sometimes broken, Ø teeth - Oxyuris: gradual tapering towards tail, long and pointed tail - Probstmayria: long and filamentous tail - Trichuris: whip-like, head is female: curved/male; curly ("hair") and tail bigger and coiled, one spiculum - Syngamus: permanent copulation, male large and shallow buccal capsule - Dictyocaulus: Ø buccal capsule, just small opening, female has genital pore in midle, male; bursa cop.+spiculum - Protostrongylus: Ø dist. - Metastrongylus: 6 lips, male; long bursa cop.+spiculum, female; bulb on end - Osleris/Filaroides: Ø bursa cop. - Capillaris: cross section of bronchi? - Crenosoma: striated surface of neck, bursa cop+spiculum - Angiostrongylus: female; red/white barber-pole+pied, male has spiculum - Aeulriostrongylus: very slender

Answer 5

1. Species and hosts: Hyostrongylus rubidus (red stomach worm) - pigs, wild boar, occasionally rabbit, guinea pig 2. Morphology: 0.4-1.0 cm long, thin, reddish, w. small cephalic vesicle 3. Predilection site: attached to gastric mucosa, embedded in catarrhal exudate 4. Life cycle: direct 5. Clinical signs: often asymptomatic, not specific (inappetence, anaemia, weight loss, agalactia, diarrhoea, vomitus) 6. Faecal examination: • Flotation („strongyle-type” eggs: 60-80 μm long, ovoid/elliptic, colourless, thin-shelled, 16-32 cell stage (4-8 in vomitus!) • Diff. from Oesophagostomum spp.: L3 from faecal culture 7. Necroscopy findings: 1. Hypertrophic, ulcerative acute gastritis 2. Chronic catarrhal, croupous- diphteritic gastritis leading to excess production of tenacious mucus, ulceration 3. Mucosa of the stomach is thickened, lenticular, flat nodules 4. Tiny red worms can be recognized in the glass-like, tenacious mucus covering the gastric mucosa

Answer 6

1. Species and hosts: A.anseris - gizzard worm disease of goslings, ducklings and young aquatic fowls 2. Morphology: 1-2.5 cm, bright red, shallow "buccal capsule" - mouth opening 3. Predilection site: under the horny (keratinoid) lining of gizzard, on mucosa, close to junction of proventriculus and gizzard 4. Life cycle: direct 5. Clinical signs: not specific, apathy, anaemia, emaciation, diarrhoea in heavily infected 1-2 month old goslings 6. Exam. method: Flotation - 100 μm, ellipsoidal, thin-shelled, 32 cell or morula stage 7. Necropsy findings: often loosened horny lining, dark-red folds or cream-like catarrhal inflammation and haemorrhages on mucosa of gizzard

Answer 7

1. Species and hosts: GI-nematodes of Ruminants • Abomasum of cattle: H.placei, O.ostertagi, Tr.axei (stomach of horse+donkey too) • Abomasum of sheep+goat: H.contortus, Teladorsagia circumcinta, Tr.axei • SI of cattle: C. punctata, C.oncophora, N.helvetianus • SI of sheep+goat: Tr.colubriformis, C.oncophora, C.curticei, N. filicollis, N.spathiger, N.battus 2. Morphology • Haemonchus: 1-3 cm long, females are pied w. "barber's pole" • Ostertagia, Teladorsagia (brown stomach worm): 1 cm long, reddish-brown, tiny cervical papillae • Trichostrongylus (bankruptworm): <1 cm long, porus excretorius (notch) anteriorly, gabernaculum • Cooperia: < 1 cm long, pinkish, ring-like stricture of neck • Nematodirus (thread-necked worms): 1-2.5 cm long, the ant. half thinner, small striated cephalic vesicle, extremely long spicules, their tips are fused together and doubled bursal rays in the male 3. Predilection site: Abomasum/SI 4. Life cycle: direct 5. Clinical signs: not specific • acute haemonchosis: anaemia, dark coloured faeces, submandibular oedema, weakness • summer ostertagiosis: profuse, watery diarrhoea with putrid smell, dehydration, loss of appetite, weight and production, weakness • winter ostertagiosis: submand. oedema • tricho., cooperia, nemato: severe, black, haemorrhagic diarrhoea 6. Exam. method: Flotation - ”trichostrongyle-type” eggs (60-110 μm long, thin- shelled in 8-16(32) cell stage; eggs of Nematodirus twice x size and at 4-8-cell stage) 7. Necropsy findings: • haemorrhagic gastritis (haemonchosis) • hyperaemic abomasal- and SI-mucosa, • tricho., cooperia, nemato: villous atrophy and erosion of mucosa • nodules (ostertagiosis) • worms in the abomasum and/or SI

Answer 8

1. Species and hosts: Thredworms/Dwarfworms -S.ransomi: pig -S.papillosus: Ru, rabbit -S.westeri: horse, donkey -S.stercoralis: dog, fox, cat, hu (distinct strain) 2. Morphology: 2-8 mm, slender, white, genital pore at middle of female 3. Predilection site: SI 4. Life cycle: direct 5. Clinical signs: mild infections usually asymptomatic; heavy infections in: • 2-4 weeks piglets: bloody diarrhoea, anaemia, emaciation, exsiccosis • 1-3 months calves, 2-6 weeks lambs/kids: coughing, dyspnoe, fever, anorexia, diarrhoea, anaemia 6. Faecal exam.: Flotation - eggs (ellipsoidal, thin-shelled, very small: 40-50 μm, containing L1) (except Ca, Hu: ca. 300μm larvae pass w. faeces) 7. Necroscopy: worms in of SI mucosa (at ca. 1 m distance from pylorus)

Answer 9

1. Species and hosts: Equine - Parascaris equorum 2. Morphology: 20-40 cm in length rigid, whitish 3. Predilection site: SI 4. Life cycle: direct (ascaroid type) 5. Clinical signs: mild infections are inapparent; in young, heavily infected foals coughing, nasal discharge, anorexia, dullness, sometimes colic, dull coat, weight loss, occ. nervous signs, diarrhea; spontaneous discharge of worms in the faeces 6. Faecal exam.: Flotation - eggs (90-100 μm sized, almost spherical, yellowish-brown, thick-shelled with pitted surface; atypical eggs appear as smooth- and thick-walled, colourless, translucid) 7. Necroscopy: catarrhal enteritis, occ. invagination, mechanical occlusion of SI, rupture of intestinal wall, peritonitis; hemorrhages, inflammatory foci, nodules containing dead larvae in liver+lungs

Answer 10

1. Species and hosts: Toxocara vitulorum - cattle, buffalo, occ. sheep, goat 2. Morphology: 15-30 cm long, white, slightly transparent 3. Predilection site: SI 4. Life cycle: direct (toxocaroid type) 5. Clinical signs: in young calves (<4-5 month) changing appetite, decreased growth-rate, abdominal spasm, diarrhea, strong butyric or aceton-like odour, spontaneous discharge of worms in faeces 6. Faecal exam: Flotation method in less than 4 month old calves - eggs (70-90 μm sized, brownish, thick- shelled with outer pitted coat) 7. Necroscopy findings: catarrhal enteritis, acetone smelling meat

Answer 11

1. Species and hosts: Ascarosis suum - pig, wild boar 2. Morphology: 15-40 cm long, rigid, white 3. Predilection site: SI 4. Life cycle: direct (ascaroid type) - PP: 2 months! 5. Clinical signs: mild infections are inapparent; in young, heavily infected animals coughing, dyspnoea, anaemia, anorexia, spontaneous discharge of worms in faeces 6. Faecal exam: Flotation - eggs (50-70 μm sized, ovoid, brownish, thick-shelled which is irregularly mamillated) (false-pos. due to coprophagy) 7. Necroscopy findings: catarrhal enteritis, roundworms in the gut, cloudy whitish spots („milk spots)” on surface of liver, haemorrhages in lung, pneumonia

Answer 12

1. Species and hosts: - A.galli: domestic and guinea fowl, turkey, duck, game birds - A.columbae: chicken - A.dissimilis: turkey 2. Morphology: 5-12 cm (A. galli), 3-7 cm long (A. columbae, A. dissimilis) 3. Predilection site: SI 4. Life cycle: direct (ascaridioid type) 5. Clinical signs: moderate infections freq. inapparent, heavier inf: (mainly 2-3 months chickens with predisposing factors) dull feather-coat, curtailment of food, catarrhal enteritis, occ. intestinal occlusion, decreased egg prod., nervous signs 6. Faecal exam: Flotation - eggs (90 μm sized, ellipsoidal, colourless, with smooth thick- shelled) (similar to Heterakis eggs, but bigger and sides are not parallel) 7. Necroscopy findings: catarrhal-haemorrhagic-croupous enteritis

Answer 13

1. Species and hosts: carnivores - T.canis: dogs, fox - T.cati: cats - Toxoscaris leonina: dogs, fox, cats 2. Morphology: 10-18 cm (T. canis), 3-10 cm (T. cati), 6-10 cm (T. leonina) long, has 3 lips, wide lateral wings at head, male has spiculum+curly tail 3. Predilection site: SI 4. Life cycle: direct (T. canis is ascaroid <1 month of age if infection prenatal or with egg containing L3; toxocaroid >4 months) (PE-2 of T. cati is ascaroid, toxocaroid) (PE-2 of T. leonina is ascaridioid) 5. Clinical signs: - mild infections: intermittent diarrhoea, changing appetite, pot-belly, anaemia, loss of weight, dull coat - severe infection (puppies, kittens): coughing, changing appetite, dull coat, extended and sensitive belly (pot-belly), diarrhoea, vomitus (worms in it), nervous signs, epileptoid attacks, etc., spontaneous discharge of worms in the faeces 6. Exam. method: Flotation - eggs (T. canis: 75-90 μm sized, subglobular, brownish with thick, pitted shell, T. cati: 65-75 μm in size, subspherical, brownish, T. leonina: 70-85 μm in size, subspherical-oval, light, colourled, surface of eggshell is smooth, the zygote does not fill it) 7. Necropsy findings: SI packed with worms, enteritis, obturation, invagination, haemorrhages and inflammation in the lungs; adults of Toxocara and Toxascaris are grossly indistinguishable

Answer 14

* ascaroid type: small intestine-liver-lungs-trachea-pharynx-small intestine * toxocaroid type: small intestine-liver-lungs-blood circulation (somatic migration, hypobiosis) * ascaridioid type: moults in the mucosa of the small intestine (histotropic phase), mature in lumen

Answer 15

1. Species and hosts: Syngamus trachea - Gapeworm disease - domestic fowl and game birds, esp. imp. in chicks (younger than 2-3 m.), turkey, pheasant and partridge 2. Morphology: female (0.5-3 cm long, reddish) and male (0.5 cm long, whitish with large and shallow buccal capsule) live in permanent copulation forming a Y-shape 3. Predilection site: trachea 4. Life cycle: direct, but paratenic hosts: e.g. earthworms, slugs, snails, beetles 5. Clinical signs: head shaking, sneezing, dyspnoea (gasping for air), asphyxia or suffocation; subscutaneous emphysema may occur along neck of 3-4 weeks old chick; worms may be seen in trachea of living birds 6. Exam. method: Flotation - eggs 70-100 μm long, ellipsoidal, thin-shelled, operculum at both ends, 8-16-cell stage 7. Necropsy findings: worm pairs, granulomas in the trachea, tracheitis with excess of bloody, foamy mucus; petechiae, haemorrhages, edema, vicariant emphysema, bronchopneumonia in the lungs

Answer 16

1. Species and hosts: -D.viviparus: cattle, deer, buffalo, camel -D.filaria: sheep, goat, mouflon, small wild animals -D.eckerti: deer -D.arnfieldi: horses, donkeys 2. Morphology: 3-8 cm long, slender, white worms, genital pore at the middle of the female 3. Predilection site: lumen of bronchi and trachea 4. Life cycle: direct 5. Clinical signs: from late summer in young, grazing animals in cattle and small ruminants: • prepatent phase: tachypnoea, dyspnoea, dry coughing • patent phase: fever, resp. distress, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, 'air-hunger' position (head and neck outstretched), deep harsh (dry to moist) cough, anorexia, loss of weight, emaciation, cachexia in horse and donkey: • frequently inapparent in foals, however, coughing, nasal discharge, resp. distress due to massive infections 6. Exam. method: L1 with Baermann technique - except in D.filaria: differentiation from protostrongylid L1 -In D.arnfieldi also flotation - eggs (100um, ellipsoidal, thin-shelled and w. L1) 7. Necropsy findings: in cattle and small ruminants: • prepatent phase: pulmonary edema, alveolitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, detection of larvae from small pieces of lungs • patent phase: worms can be seen in the opened airways, chronic bronchitis and peribronchitis; worms and abundant purulent mucus plug the bronchial lumen, interstitial emphysema (dark-red atelectatic and pale emphysematic areas), peribronchial fibrosis, purulent secondary inflammation in horse and donkey • in the caudal lung lobes raised, circumscribed areas of inflated tissue, central, bronchus with mucopurulent exudate, hyperplastic epithelium

Answer 17

1. Species and hosts: Pig lungworm: wild boar, pig, guinea pig -Metastrongylus apri -M. pudendotectus -M. salmi 2. Morphology: 1.5-5.5 cm long, greyish-white 3. Predilection sites: in the lumen of the bronchi, mainly in the diaphragmatic lobe of the lung 4. Life cycle: indirect (intermediate hosts: earthworms) Hosts: wild boar, pig, guinea pig 5. Clinical signs: not typical, in young pig (coughing, dyspnoea, nasal discharge, fever, anorexia) 6. Faecal exam: Flotation - eggs (5-9 weeks after infection (about 50-60 μm sized, ellipsoidal, rough- and thick-shelled, containing L1) 7. Necroscopy: lesions in diaphragmatic lobes, formation of small, greyish, consolidated nodules, muco-purulent bronchitis, compact areas of inflammation and soft areas of emphysema

Answer 18

1. Species and hosts: Nodular lungworm in sheep and goat: -Protostrongylus rufescens -Cystocaulus ocreatus -Muellerius capillaris -Neostrongylus linearis 2. Morphology: all are thin, hair-like worms, 0.5-3 cm in length, colourless except P.rufescens; brown and Cystocaulus; dark brown 3. Predilection site: -P.rufescens: small bronchi -The others: lung parenchyma 4. Life cycle: indirect, PP: 5-6 weeks, IM hosts (terrestrial snails, slugs) 5. Clinical signs: • prevalence increases with age, may reach 100% in sheep and goats >3 years • worms in small bronchioli - inflammation of the terminal air passages and lobular pneumonia • usually chronic and may lead to spontaneous recovery Clinical signs: coughing, anorexia, retarded development, depressed production, anaemia 6. Examination method: Disease history and detection of L1 - umbrella rod like appearence 7. Necropsy findings: (1) brood nodules: cone-shaped, granuloma-like areas of affected lung tissue, which contain sexually active worms and masses of eggs and larvae; usually in diaphragmatic lobe (2) wormknots: glass pinhead-shaped, mostly subpleural, gray (Muellerius) or dark-brown to black (Cystocaulus) cysts which contain sexually inactive, viable, adult worms only

Answer 19

1. Species and hosts: Lungworms in Car • O. osleri: dog, wild canids • O. rostratus: cats and wild felids • Filaroides milksi, F. hirthi: dog, wild canids 2. Morphology • O. osleri: small, pale worms, 0.5 to 1.5 cm • O. rostratus: male 3-4 cm, female 5-6 cm long, slender • Filaroides milksi, F. hirthi: 0.5-1 cm long, slender 3. Predilection sites: • O. osleri: fibrous nodules on tracheal mucosa at the region of bifurcation and in the adjacent bronchi • O. rostratus: sub-mucosa of bronci or in lung parechyma • F. milksi, F. hirthi: lung parenchyma 4. Life cycle: direct; O. rostratus indirect (intermediate hosts snails or slugs) 5. Clinical signs: usually remains inapparent; dry, paroxysmal coughing, respiratory distress, loss of appetite 6. Faecal examination: detection of L1 is less reliable - endoscopy of the trachea in anaesthesia 7. Necroscopy findings: chronic tracheo-bronchitis, characteristic nodular lesions at the region of bifurcation (O. osleri)

Answer 20

1. Species and hosts: Capillaria aerophila - fox, occ. dog, cat 2. Morphology: 2.0-3.0 cm long, whitish and filamentous 3. Predilection sites: in the mucosa of the bronchi, trachea/nasal passages, frontal sinuses 4. Life cycle: direct (paratenic hosts: earthworms) 5. Clinical signs: usually remains inapparent; coughing 6. Faecal exam.: Flotation - detection of zygote - containing eggs (60-75 μm in length, barrel- shaped, asymmetry of bipolar plugs with absence of thickening at the basis) 7. Necroscopy findings: finding the worms and/or detecting of eggs from the tracheal fluids

Answer 21

1. Species and hosts: Crenosoma vulpis - fox, occ. dog and other canids 2. Morphology: 0.5-1.5 cm long 3. Predilection site: trachea, bronchi, bronchioli 4. Life cycle: indirect (intermediate hosts: molluscs) 5. Clinical signs: usually remains inapparent; coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge 6. Faecal exam: detection of L1 with Baermann technique 7. Necroscopy findings: rhino-tracheitis, bronchitis

Answer 22

1. Species and hosts: Angiostrongylus vasorum - French heartworm - fox, occasionally dog and other canids, rarely cat 2. Morphology: 1.4-2.5 cm long pied, white ovaries being spirally wound around the red intestine 3. Predilection site: right ventricle, pulmonary artery and its branches 4. Life cycle: indirect (intermediate hosts: snails, slugs) 5. Clinical signs: • respiratory signs (coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea) • petechiae, ecchymoses, scleral hemorrhage, sublingual hemorrhage, hematomas • neurologic signs ranging from seizures, circling, ataxia, to paresis • ocular signs 6. Exam: -Baermann technique - detection of L1 (310-400 μm in length with a characteristic kinked tail and a dorsal spine and notch) -Detection of antigen/antibody: ELISA, western blot technique -Diagnostic imaging: radiography, CT, MR 7. Necroscopy findings: rhino-tracheitis, bronchitis, endarteritis, endocarditis, pulmonary thromboangiitis, hemoabdomen, hemothorax; granulomatous interstitial pneumonia with thrombosis, fibrosis, adult worms in blood vessels and eggs/larvae in the pulmonary arterioles and capillaries

Answer 23

1. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - lungworm in cat, wild felids 2. Morphology: 0.5-1.0 cm long, very slender worms 3. Predilection site: bronchioli and lung parenchyma 4. Life cycle: indirect (intermediate hosts: snails, slugs) 5. Clinical signs: not specific, openmouthed abdominal breathing, dyspnea, intense coughing, sneezing, muco-purulent discharge 6. Faecal examination: detection of L1 with Baermann technique 7. Necroscopy findings: • rhino-tracheitis, bronchitis • in the lung parenchyma multiple small, greyish, translucid foci or bigger consolidated granulomas, muscular hypertrophy and hyperplasia • eggs and L1 in squeeze preparation from the cut surface of the lung • in heavy infection

Answer 24

- Oesophagostomum

Answer 25

Thin-shelled, ovoid/elliptic, colourless, morula stage – Flotation - Hyostrongylus - Amidostomum - Strongylidiosis - Oesophagostomum - Hookworms: Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Bunostomum

Answer 26

-Parascaris: yellowish-brown, pitted and sticky surface, Z inside -Avian ascarosidiosis: ellipsoidal, colourless, smooth and thick-shelled similar to Heterakis but bigger -Heterakis: ellipsoidal, parallel-sided smooth, with Z -Ascariosis suum: ovoid, brown, outer irregularly mamillated surface and Z inside -Toxocara, Toxoscara: o T.vitulorum subglobular, brown, outer pitted surface – Flotation - similar to T.cati and T.canis o T. canis: subglobular, brownish, pitted shell o T. cati: 65-75 μm, subspherical, brownish o T. leonina: 70-85 μm, subspherical-oval, light, colourled, smooth surface, zygote does not fill the egg! -Oxyuris: ovoid, yellow, slightly flattened on one side, thick-shelled, operculated on one side, morula stage -Trichuris: lemon-shaped, yellow, operculated on both sides, similar to Capillaria but darker colour, -Capillaria: barrel-shaped, asymmetry of bipolar plugs, w. zygote

Answer 27

60-110um, thin-shelled, 8-16 morula stage – Flotation | -Nematodirus spp. twice the size and 4-8 blastomer stage

Roundworms Flashcards

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