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RT111 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of acute heart failure?

A

a new onset or rapidly worsening reduction of cardiac output leading to inadequate perfusion

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2
Q

what is the most frequent cause of decompensated heart failure?

A

Myocardial infarction

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3
Q

what are the main clinical manifestations of left ventricular acute heart failure (LV-AHF)?

A

Pulmonary Edema

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4
Q

What are some common symptoms of acute heart failure?

A

anxiety
pink foamy liquid
dyspnea
weezing

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5
Q

what diagnostic tests are used for acute heart failure?

A

Hemodynamic
Echocardiogram
ct

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6
Q

what medications are commonly used in the treatment of AHF?

A

Vasodilator
Beta blocker
Anticoagulation
diuretics

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7
Q

what are some alternative (mechanical) interventions for AHF?

A

ECMO
Balloon pump
ventricular assist device

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8
Q

what role does respiratory support play in the treatment of AHF?

A

Decrease the work it takes for them to breathe

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9
Q

what factors are considered in the history of a patient with AHF?

A

age
weight
smoking
drug use
diabetes
hypertension
COPD
pulmonary vascular disease

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10
Q

what are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

regulate blood flow
deliver O2
remove CO2

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11
Q

what are the six types of shock mentioned in the presentation?

A

Septic
cardiogenic
obstructive
neurogenic
disruptive
anaphylactic

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12
Q

What is the role of a pulmonary artery catheter in shock management?

A

short-term treatment of acute cardiac decompensation. Inotropic agent

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13
Q

What are the classes of antiarrhythmic drugs and their primary uses?

A

Sodium channel blockers
beta blockers
potassium channel blocker
calcium channel blocker

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14
Q

What is the role of epinephrine in advanced cardiac life support (ACLS)?

A

Increase HR

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15
Q

What are the primary clinical manifestations associated with lung cancer? (testing, what to you see)

A

increased CO2
increased WBC
atlectasis

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16
Q

what are the common radiological findings in lung cancer

A

Mediastinal shift
Lung Mass
Coin lesions/tumor
Atelectasis
Pulmonary embolism

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17
Q

what are the findings in a physical examination of a lung cancer patient?

A

Weight loss
weezing
crackles
edema
cyanosis
coughing up blood

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18
Q

what are the major pathological or structural changes in lung cancer?

A

cavity formation
inflammation
atelectasis
necrosis
plugging
increased mucus production

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19
Q

what are the common types of lung cancer?

A

non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Large cell carcinoma

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20
Q

what are the subtypes of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
large cell

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)?

A

increased death probability/more severe
commonly/closely associated with smoking
rapid growth

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22
Q

what are the common symptoms of lung cancer?

A

bloody/rusty sputum
consistent cough
weight loss
dyspnea

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23
Q

what are the common type of diagnostic procedures for lung cancer?

A

PFT
Biopsy
pet scan
ct
xray
hemodynamic testing

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24
Q

what are the treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Radiation therapy
chemotherapy

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25
what are the treatment options for small cell lung cancer?
Radiation therapy chemotherapy surgery - lobectomy
26
what is the primary cause of COVID-19?
infectious disease
27
How does COVID-19 primarily affect the body?
interstitial thickening blood clotting in muscles diffusion/alveolar damage it affects multiple organs
28
what are the anatomical alterations in the lungs associated with COVID-19?
Ground glass opacities
29
What are the common risk factors for severe COVID-19?
age chronic lung disease immunocompromised pregnancy diabetes obesity asymptomatic
30
how is COVID-19 transmitted?
through droplets in the air from singing or talking. It stays on contaminated surfaces for several hours.
31
What are the common symptoms of COVID-19?
Fever hypoxemia confusion lost of taste/smell chest pain
32
what is the gold standard diagnostic test for COVID-19?
RT-PCR test multiplex PCR
33
what are the typical findings on a chest radiograph of a COVID-19 patient?
Bilateral peripheral opacities
34
what are some non-invasive treatments for COVID-19?
Proning SVN REE (resting energy expenditure)
35
what medications are commonly used to treat COVID-19?
corticosteroids supplemental O2 bronchodilator antivirals vaccinations
36
what is the long-term impact of COVID-19?
Fibrotic thickening permanent changes in the airways decreased diffusion
37
what are the four classes of agents used for treating cough and cold?
sympathomimetics antihistamines expectorants antitussives
38
how do sympathomimetic (adrenergic) decongestants work?
vasoconstriction drying dehydrating
39
what is the difference between the common cold and influenza in terms of fever and chills?
common cold - fever and chills are not common influenza - fever and chills are common symptoms
40
what are the primary effects of antihistamines on the body?
block vascular permeability
41
what is the role of expectorants in respiratory therapy?
facilitate the removal of mucus from the lower respiratory tract?
42
how do cough suppressants work, and when should they be used?
they decrease the cough center in the medulla and suppress dry hacking/non-productive cough
43
what is the difference between first-generation and second-generation antihistamines?
Compared to the first generation, the second generation is more effective has less drowsiness has a longer duration of action
44
what are the primary uses of mood stabilizers?
bipolar disorder
45
what are the side effects of lithium, a mood stabilzer?
tremors cytosis
46
what are the indications for the use of antipsychotics?
psychosis
47
What are the primary uses of anxiolytics?
to reduce anxiety
48
what are the common benzodiazepines used as anxiolytics?
ativan xanax valume
49
what are the risks associated with barbiturates?
depressed neuron activity addiction and abuse
50
what are the effects of ethyl alcohol on the CNS?
sedative (sleepy)
51
what re the side effects of opioid analgesics?
Reduced Respiratory depression constipation nausea & vomiting antitussive effects
52
what is Gullian-Barre syndrome?
an autoimmune disease that causes acute PNS disorder that results in flaccid paralysis
53
what are the severe complications of GBS if not properly managed?
diaphragmatic paralysis
54
what are the common triggers for GBS?
GI viral or bacterial infection
55
Describe the typical clinical presentations of GBS?
symmetrical muscle weakness in the distal extremities.
56
what are the diagnostic criteria for GBS?
nerve conduction study CNS electromyography
57
what are the indicators of impending acute failure in GBS patients
FVC MIF MEP PFT ABG
58
what treatments are beneficial for GBS when started within 22 weeks of symptom onset?
IV immunoglobulin
59
what chemical transmission is interfered with myasthenia gravis?
ACh
60
what are the two clinical types of Myasthenia Gravis?
Occular generalized
61
what is a myasthenic crisis and what does it involve?
Respiratory failure diaphragm paralysis
62
what antibodies are associated with seropositive myasthenia gravis?
MUSK ACh
63
what are the three ways IgG antibodies disrupt the chemical transmission of ACh at the NMJ?
accelerate breakdown destroy receptor cells block ACh and NMJ
64
what is the hallmark of myasthenia gravis?
chronic muscle fatigue
65
what bedside test can be used to diagnose myasthenia gravis?
ice pack test tinsilon test
66
what are the clinical indicators of impending acute ventilatory failure in myasthenia gravis?
MIF MEP FVC The respiratory muscles of the diaphragm and chest wall become weak and impair a patients breathing
67
what is the role of acetylcholinesterase in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
decelerates the break down.
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