(1) Kinesiology > S1_L1: Basic Concepts > Flashcards

S1_L1: Basic Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of osteokinematics

  1. Measured through protractors or goniometers
  2. Combination of translatory and rotary movements
  3. All points of the objects are moving in the same distance, direction, and velocity
  4. The axis where the segment is moving is not fixed, but shifting from one point to the other
  5. Most common in the human body

A. Translatory / Linear / Rectilinear
B. Rotary / Rotatory / Angular
C. General Motion / Curvilinear

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. C
  5. C
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2
Q

Determine the corresponding axis of rotation of the cardinal planes of motion

  1. Anteroposterior axis
  2. Z axis
  3. Longitudinal axis
  4. X axis
  5. Mediolateral axis
  6. Y axis
  7. Coronal axis

A. Sagittal Plane / Midsagittal Plane
B. Frontal Plane / Coronal Plane
C. Horizontal Plane / Transverse Plane

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. C
  4. A
  5. A
  6. C
  7. A
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3
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of arthrokinematics

  1. One point is constantly in contact with the other surface
  2. One point is not in constant contact with the other surface
  3. With an axis of rotation and rotatory movement occurring

A. Roll / Rock
B. Slide / Glide
C. Spin

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
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4
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the joint positions

  1. More mobile
  2. Joint structures taut / tensed
  3. Joint surfaces are maximally separated
  4. Articulating surfaces are maximally congruent
  5. Less stable, joint structures are lax
  6. Minimum mobility

A. Open-packed / Loose-packed position
B. Closed-packed position

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
  6. B
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5
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the kinematic chains

  1. High stability, low variability
  2. Movement where distal segment rotates against relatively fixed proximal segment
  3. Proximal-on-distal segment kinematics
  4. High variability, but low stability
  5. Movement where proximal segment rotates against relatively fixed distal segment
  6. Distal-on-proximal segment kinematics

A. Open Kinematic Chain (OKC)
B. Closed Kinematic Chain (OKC)

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
  6. A
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6
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of connective tissue

  1. Cells related to the blood that guard against phagocytosis and foreign debris
  2. Contribute to the structural integrity of the joint
  3. Lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells
  4. Osteoblasts, mast cells, adipose cells, mesenchyme cells

A. Fixed
B. Transient

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
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7
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of fixed connective tissue cells

  1. Monocyte-derived, Responsible for bone resorption
  2. Inflammatory mediators
  3. Differentiated fibroblast found in bone
  4. Undifferentiated cells found primarily in embryos and bone marrow
  5. Produce and store fat
  6. Differentiated fibroblast found in cartilage

A. Fibroblast
B. Chondroblast
C. Osteoblast
D. Osteoclast
E. Mast cells
F. Adipose cells
G. Mesenchyme cells

A
  1. D
  2. E
  3. C
  4. G
  5. F
  6. B
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8
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of transient connective tissue cells

  1. White blood cells involved in fighting infection
  2. Derived from monocytes
  3. White blood cells that have surface proteins for antigens
  4. Move into specific tissues, involved in immune response
  5. B-lymphocytes that produce antibodies

A. Lymphocytes
B. Neutrophils
C. Macrophages
D. Plasma cells

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. C
  5. D
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9
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of fixed connective tissue cells

  1. Produces type I collagen and hydroxyapatite
  2. Can differentiate into any connective tissue cell
  3. Creates mostly type I collagen
  4. Found in tendon, ligament, skin, bone
  5. Produces mostly type II collagen

A. Fibroblast
B. Chondroblast
C. Osteoblast
D. Osteoclast
E. Mast cells
F. Adipose cells
G. Mesenchyme cells

A
  1. C
  2. G
  3. A
  4. A
  5. B
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10
Q

Cartilage receives nutrition via ___

A

facilitated diffusion

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11
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the structural proteins in fibrous connective tissue

  1. Much smaller portions of it in the body
  2. Has high tensile strength
  3. Most abundant protein

A. Elastin
B. Collagen
C. Both

A
  1. A
  2. C
  3. B
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12
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the components in Interfibrillar connective tissue

  1. Allow water-binding through Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) for hydration
  2. Responsible for water binding capacity of cartilages
  3. Proteins with carbohydrate attached to it
  4. Previously known as mucopolysaccharide, Regulates collagen fibril size
  5. Most important protein because of its water inviting properties for lubrication and nourishment
  6. Bones have the lowest amount of this compared to any other CT

A. Water
B. Proteoglycans
C. Aggrecan
D. Glycoproteins

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. D
  4. B
  5. B
  6. A
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13
Q

Determine the corresponding collagen type of the ff:

  1. Cartilage, cornea (associated with type II)
  2. Most common type, accounts for 90% of body collagen
  3. Skin, blood vessels, joint capsule, ligaments, tendon
  4. Cartilage, tendons
  5. Nucleus pulposus, vitreous humor
  6. Annulus fibrosus, menisci, fibrocartilage

A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type V
E. Type IX
F. Type XI

A
  1. E
  2. A
  3. C
  4. D
  5. B
  6. A
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14
Q

Determine the corresponding classification of the ff collagen types

  1. Type VII
  2. Type XIV
  3. Type II
  4. Type VI
  5. Type III
  6. Type X

A. Fibrillar
B. Fibril-associated
C. Network-forming
D. Filamentous
E. Anchoring

A
  1. E
  2. B
  3. A
  4. D
  5. A
  6. C
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15
Q

Determine the corresponding localization of these Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

  1. Ligaments, Bones
  2. Blood Vessels, Tendons, Ligaments
  3. Skin
  4. Cell surfaces
  5. Most cells lining arteries

A. Hyaluronan
B. Chondroitin Sulfate
C. Heparan Sulfate
D. Heparin
E. Dermatan Sulfate
F. Keratan Sulfate

A
  1. B
  2. E
  3. E
  4. C
  5. D
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16
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of these Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

  1. Evident on tendons because it resists too much tensile forces
  2. Related to hyaluronic acid, which is very important for osteoarthritis
  3. Evident on IV discs exposed to too much compression

A. Hyaluronan
B. Chondroitin Sulfate
C. Heparan Sulfate
D. Dermatan Sulfate
E. Keratan Sulfate
F. B & E

A
  1. D
  2. A
  3. F
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17
Q

Determine the corresponding collagen type of the ff locations:

  1. Hypertrophic cartilage
  2. Blood vessels, skin
  3. Tendons, ligaments (associated with type I)
  4. Anchoring filaments
  5. Basement membrane
  6. Fetal skin and tendons

A. Type XII
B. Type XIV
C. Type IV
D. Type X
E. Type VI
F. Type VII

A
  1. D
  2. E
  3. A
  4. F
  5. C
  6. B
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18
Q

Determine the corresponding localization of these Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

  1. Bone, Cartilage
  2. Synovial Fluid
  3. Cartilage, Tendons
  4. Basement membrane
  5. Healing CT, Cartilage

A. Hyaluronan
B. Chondroitin Sulfate
C. Heparan Sulfate
D. Heparin
E. Dermatan Sulfate
F. Keratan Sulfate

A
  1. F
  2. A
  3. B
  4. C
  5. A
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19
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the structures associated with the tendon

  1. Its primary role is to protect tendon from excessive frictional forces
  2. Combination of paratenon and epitenon
  3. Covers the tendon fascicle
  4. Double-layered sheath of areolar tissue attached to the outer surface of the epitenon
  5. When the peritendon becomes filled with synovial fluid
  6. Covers the entire tendon, groups of tendon fascicles

A. Tenosynovium / tendon sheath
B. Paratenon
C. Peritendon
D. Epitenon
E. Endotendon / endotenon

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. E
  4. B
  5. A
  6. D
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20
Q

Found in the fibrillar component of cartilage that increases with age and arthritis & decreases with immobilization

A

keratan sulfate

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21
Q

Determine the corresponding zones of the Fibrocartilaginous enthesis of tendons

  1. Transition from tendon to bone
  2. With mineralized fibrocartilage
  3. Tendon proper
  4. Bone
  5. With fibrocartilage
  6. With mineralization and some hardening

A. Zone 1
B. Zone 2
C. Zone 3
D. Zone 4

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. D
  5. B
  6. C
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22
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of cartilage

  1. Commonly seen in ears and epiglottis
  2. Primarily made up of type II collagen
  3. White in color
  4. Yellow in color
  5. Found in the end of the bones of a synovial joint

A. Fibrocartilage
B. Elastic cartilage
C. Hyaline cartilage

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. B
  5. C
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23
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the layers of articular cartilage

  1. Radiate stratum
  2. Transitional stratum
  3. Calcified layer; attachment to the bone
  4. Outermost layer
  5. Reduces friction & distributes forces over joint surfaces
  6. The interface / transition between uncalcified & calcified cartilage

A. Zone 1
B. Zone 2
C. Zone 3
D. Zone 4

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. D
  4. A
  5. A
  6. C
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24
Q

Cells that are ancestors and differentiate to osteoblasts

A

Progenitor Cells

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25
Determine the corresponding components of the bone matrix 1. Consists of Type I collagen for flexibility and tensile strength 2. Consists of Glycoproteins 3. Consists of Calcium Phosphates 4. Consists of Hydroxyapatite for compressive strength 5. Consists of Proteoglycans A. Organic bone matrix B. Inorganic bone matrix
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A
26
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the material types of connective tissues 1. Heterogenous 2. Exhibits same mechanical behavior regardless of force applied 3. Adapt to type of stress or force placed on them 4. Homogenous 5. Function depends on the combination of the properties of various components 6. Example is connective tissue A. Isotropic B. Anisotropic
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B
27
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the mechanical properties of joint components 1. The point prior to the breaking or failing of the material 2. The stability of a material to go back, but not to their original form 3. The strength of the material, capacity of material to resist external load 4. The ability of a material to be stretched and go back to its original shape once force is released A. Plasticity B. Elasticity C. Ultimate strength D. Stiffness
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B
28
Determine the corresponding descriptions of viscoelasticity 1. Depends on PG & water content 2. The more stretch and work is performed, the more of this type of energy exists 3. The resistance to flow 4. Ability to return to shape after removal of deforming load 5. Can be influenced by temperature and pressure 6. Depends on collagen & elastin content A. Viscosity B. Elasticity
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B
29
Fibrous joints are a result of (1)___ connecting 2 bones, while cartilaginous / amphiarthrosis joints are a result of (2)___ connecting 2 bones.
1. fibrous tissue 2. fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
30
Determine the corresponding classification of the types of Diarthrosis (Synovial) joints 1. Ellipsoidal joint 2. Plane joint 3. Ginglymus joint 4. Saddle joint 5. Trochoid joint 6. Condyloid joint 7. Enarthrosis joint A. Non-axial B. Uniaxial C. Bi-axial D. Multi-axial
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. D
31
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the joint capsule layers 1. Inner part 2. Its subsynovial layer supports the intima, ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscle, and free nerve endings 3. Dense fibrous tissue, richly innervated by joint receptors 4. Has 2 layers, intima and subsynovial tissue 5. Has more type I collagen, poorly vascularized 6. Outer part A. Stratum Fibrosum / Fibrous Capsule B. Stratum Synovium
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A
32
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of joint lubrication 1. Load-bearing surfaces are coated with thin layer of large molecules that forms a gel that keeps the opposing structures from touching each other 2. Most effective at low loads; with less amount of compressive force 3. Gel-like structure contains lubricin adhering to articular surfaces 4. Thin fluid film that separates joint surfaces A. Boundary Lubrication B. Fluid-film Lubrication
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B
33
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the models of Fluid-film Lubrication 1. Uses hyaluronate molecules that are filtered out of synovial fluid to contribute to lubrication 2. Film lubricant 3. Elastic cartilage deforms to maintain layer of fluid 4. Wedge of fluid created for lubrication A. Elastohydrodynamic Model B. Hydrostatic / Weeping Lubrication C. Hydrodynamic Lubrication D. Boosted Lubrication
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C
34
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ff characteristics 1. If a maintained stretch is applied at fixed length, the force needed will decrease over time 2. Load-deformation curve during unloading does not follow the path during loading 3. Explains that with slow loading, less energy is needed to deform the tissue 4. Explains the greater range and length achieved in stretching and is time dependent 5. Can be observed in reduced resistance felt by PT during stretching exercises A. Creep B. Stress-Relaxation C. Hysteresis D. Strain-Rate Sensitivity
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B
35
Determine the corresponding descriptions of these forces 1. Force that is perpendicular to the long axis, twisting effect 2. Force that is parallel but moving in the opposite direction 3. Examples are hands-on-rope and block-on-rope 4. Forces on the same line but moving towards each other 5. Elongation, stretch 6. Always equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and applied parallel to the long axis of the object A. Tensile force B. Compressive force C. Sheer force D. Torsional force
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A
36
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ff characteristics 1. Explains that with rapid loading, the tissue is stiffer and more energy is needed to deform the tissue 2. Elastic recoil may happen in a different direction from when they were stretched due to lost heat in elongation process 3. If a maintained force is applied at same level, the deformation will gradually increase 4. Amount of force needed to overcome structure’s resistance decreases over time A. Creep B. Stress-Relaxation C. Hysteresis D. Strain-Rate Sensitivity
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B
37
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the Fibrous joints 1. Bony components joined directly by interosseous ligament, fibrous cord, or aponeurotic membrane 2. In the skull early in life 3. Found in tooth and maxilla / mandible 4. Between the radius and ulna 5. Between the tibia and fibula A. Sutures B. Gomphoses C. Syndesmoses
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C
38
Determine the corresponding descriptions of the Cartilaginous / Amphiarthrosis Joints 1. Secondary Cartilaginous Joint 2. 2 components of hyaline cartilage between 2 ossifying centers of bone 3. Primary Cartilaginous Joint 4. Covered by hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilage 5. Mature version of synchondrosis, bony union later in life A. Synchondroses B. Symphyses C. Synostoses
1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C
39
The joint capsule layer specifically responsible for removal of debris from joint cavity, initiation of immune response by releasing antigens
Intima
40
The intima is a layer of cells that lines the joint space. It is a layer of specialized fibroblasts known as ___.
synoviocytes
41
A property of synovial fluid that allows it to be less viscous at high joint velocity or rate of shear.
Thixotropic property
42
The tidemark of articular cartilage is found between what zones?
Zones 3 and 4
43
TRUE OR FALSE: The resting joint position is found between the open-packed and closed-packed positions.
True
44
TRUE OR FALSE: Fluid is squeezed out of the cartilage into the joint space as loading decreases.
False, increases
45
___ molecules create a fluid film over the cartilage surfaces.
Lubricin
46
Hyaline cartilage is made up of?
Hyaluronate (Hyaluronic Acid) and Lubricin
47
The measurement of the material stiffness
Elastic Modulus / Young’s Modulus
48
A stress-strain curve with a ___ graph would infer that the material is less stiff.
Flatter Material is more elastic
49
A stress-strain curve with a ___ graph would infer that the material has greater stiffness.
Steeper
50
The percentage change in length or cross-section of the structure
Strain
51
The force per cross-sectional area unit of material. It is due to tensile forces.
Stress
52
In curvilinear motion, the axis is shifting and this shift is referred to as the ___.
Instantaneous Center of Rotation (ICoR) / Instantaneous Axis of Rotation (IaR)
53
The higher / greater the cross-sectional area, the ___ stiff the structure will be and can withstand greater forces.
More
54
A longer structure deforms more and is ___ stiff when force is applied to it.
Less strength is the same, but there is decreased stiffness
55
Where is the CoG of infants?
Xiphoid process
56
TRUE OR FALSE: Inversion and eversion occur on the horizontal plane.
False, it's the frontal plane
57
TRUE OR FALSE: The concave-convex rule applies only to diarthroses joints.
True
58
The principle that states tissues adapt depending on the demand placed on them
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands (SAID) Principle
59
According to Wolff's law, decreased activity / force with an increase in osteoclast activity leads to a/an ___ in bone mass.
decrease
60
When osteoblast (synthesis) is less than osteoclast (resorption), this results to what condition?
Osteoporosis
61
Branch of kinesiology that specifically studies human movement
Biomechanics
62
1 radian (θ) = ___ degrees
57.3
63
360 degrees = ___ radians
6.28
64
Suppose the elbow is moving towards flexion. The wrist joint is 10 inches from the elbow axis. Find the linear distance traversed by the hand from an extended elbow to 90° of elbow flexion.
Θ = 90°/57.3° Θ = 1.57 radians Displacement d = rΘ d = 1.57 radians x 10 inches d = 15.7 inches
65
A finger-like projection / interdigitation of collagen of ligaments to the bone that locks them together. Collagen fibers blend with the periosteum that will attach to the cortical bone.
Sharpey's fiber
66
TRUE OR FALSE: Cartilage is believed to have no cellular turnover. It contains only terminally differentiated cells and no longer reproduces new cells.
True
67
It is derived from mesenchymal precursor cells
Connective tissue
68
Point of attachment of a structure to the bone
Enthesis
69
The tidemark represents the boundary between hard and soft tendon tissues as they attach to the bone. The tidemark of tendons is found between what zones?
Zones 2 and 3 Same tidemark location for ligaments
70
TRUE OR FALSE: In normal and healthy cartilage, the amount of chondroitin sulfate is more than that of keratan sulfate.
True If keratan sulfate outnumbers chondroitin sulfate, it will lead to arthritic and degenerative changes
(1) Kinesiology
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