SA reproduction

Question 1

When does a bitch start cycling?

Answer 1

6-18 months old

Monooestrus, average cycle 16 months

Question 2

What are the classic ‘In heat’ cycle stages?

Answer 2

Proestrus and Oestrus

Usually 21 days

Question 3

How long do the following stages generally last?:
* Anoestrus
* Proestrus
* Oestrus
* Dioestrus

Answer 3

• An- 100-150 days
• Pro- 9 days
• Oestrus- 9 days
• Di- 60 days

Question 4

What are the clinical signs of pro vs oestrus?

Answer 4

Pro:
* serosanguineous vulval discharge
* Vulval swelling
* Males attracted but rejected

Oestrus:
* reduction in vulval swelling
* Discharge becomes brownish
* Willing to accept male

Question 5

When is the optimal time for OVH?

What does it follow and what are the signs?

Answer 5

• Anoestrus is the optimal time for OVH
• Follows dioestrus: end of fertile period, males no longer attracted- Most common time for Pyometra

Dioestrus- 70 days

Question 6

What hormones are increased in dioestrus and anoestrus?

Answer 6

Dioestrus
* End of fertile period
* Progesterone dominance

Anoestrus
* Basal levels of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 7

Describe the process of Vaginal Cytology

Answer 7

• Moisten cotton swab with sterile saline
• Introduce swab to proximal vagina- dorsally
• Roll onto microscope slide
• Assess at low power to establish trend of cellularity and cell types

Question 8

What are the different cell types seen on cytology in different stages of oestrus?

Answer 8

Proestrus
* plumb round parabasal and intermediate cells
* Contaminating RBCs and neutrophils

Oestrus
* 100%~ cornification: anuclear
* No neutrophils

Dioestrus:
* Abrupt drop in cornified cells
* 50% cells are parabasal (clean up job)

Question 9

What hormone can be used for oestrus cycle testing?

Answer 9

Progesterone

Question 10

What may be seen on vaginoscopy during different stages of cycle?

Answer 10

Proestrus: oedema of vaginal mucosa- longitudinal folds

Oestrus: rapid decline of oestrogen causes deflated oedema and wrinkles: crenations

Question 11

What kind of ovulators are cats?

Answer 11

Seasonal polyoestrus-
induced ovulators

Cycle every 2-3 weeks, no obvious vulval discharge

Question 12

When are cats in anoestrus?

Answer 12

When daylight is less than 8 hours

Question 13

What are the benefits of neutering female dogs?

Answer 13

• Population control
• Pyometra risk
• Risk of mammary tumours
• Diabeted mellitus managment
• Increased life expectancy
• Prevent pseudo-pregnancy
• No heats

Question 14

What are the risks of female dog neuters?

Answer 14

• Surgery risk- minimal
• USMI
• Ovarian remnany syndrome
• Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 15

What is USMI?

Answer 15

Urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence
* Reduction in urethral closure pressure
* Can occur immediately 10 years after spaying
* Increased risk <3 months old

Question 16

What medications can be used for USMI management?

Answer 16

Propalin
-phenlypropaline

Incurin
-estriol

Question 17

1. What is ovarian remnant syndrome
2. How is it managed?

Answer 17

1. Functional residual ovarian tissue: continued hormone secretion: oestrus behvaviour
2. Remove

Question 18

What is the benefit between OVH vs OH?

Answer 18

• No difference in urogenital long term
• OVH technically more demanding

Laparoscopic: improved recovery times

Question 19

When should small, medium and large breed dogs be spayed earliest?

Answer 19

• Small/Medium: lower risk of USMI so spay before first season: 6 months
  -Unless at risk of cruciate disease
• Large breed dog- spay after at least one seasone

Question 20

1. What are the benefits of neutering male dogs?
2. What are the risks?

Answer 20

1. • ‘behavioural’
   • Testicular neoplasia
   • Perineal hernias
2. • GA risk
   • Prostatic neoplasia
   • Osteosarcoma

Crpytorchid high chance of becoming neoplastic

Question 21

What is a pyometra?

Answer 21

Acute or chronic suppurative bacterial infection of the uterus

commonly E.coli

Question 22

What effect does progesterone have to cause pyometra?

Answer 22

• Endometrial hyperplasia
• Cervical closure- baterial growth
• Myometrial contractility: reduction in contractions
• WBC- decreases local leucocyte function

Question 22

What are the clinical signs of pyometra?

Answer 22

Mild:
* Pyrexia
* Lethargy
* Reduced appetits
* Vaginal discharge

Moderate
* Mild signs
* Inappetance
* PUPD
* Abdo distention/pain

Severe
* All mild/mod
* Hypovolaemic shock: tachcardia, pale MMS, bad pulse
* Distributive shock: tachycardia, pink red MMs, good pulse

Question 23

What does abdominal US show for pyometra?

Answer 23

Mickey mouse- upside down

Question 24

What do bloods show for pyometra?

Answer 24

Leucocytosis- increased production Leucopenia: increased consumption- worse prognosis

Question 25

How can pyometra cause azotaemia?

Answer 25

Pre-renal: common * Dehydrated- fluid loss Renal: E.coli can affect tubular function Post-renal: unlikely

Question 26

What are the treatment options for pyometra?

Answer 26

1. Surgery 2. Medical- young, healthy to avound sx or delay due to immunocompromised

Question 27

What is additionally done for OVH with pyo?

Answer 27

* Stabilisatoin pre op: asses volume status, broad spec ABs * Pack abdomen incase spilage * Flush abdomen prior to closure

Question 28

How is pyometra medically managed?

Answer 28

* Prostaglandins * Dipamine agonists * Receptor blockers

Question 29

What is stump pyometra?

Answer 29

Animals not completely spayed- must have some ovarian tissue Dx: focus on caudal abdomen

Question 30

How can ovarian remnant syndrome be diagnosed?

Answer 30

During signs: * Vaginal cytology * GnRH stimulation test: oestrodiol pre/post * AMH + progesterone

Question 31

1. When is pseudo-pregnancy seen? 2. What are the signs?

Answer 31

1. 6-8 weeks post season 2. Lactation, behaiour, inappetance | pregnancy must be ruled out

Question 32

How is pseudo-pregnancy managed?

Answer 32

1. Cabergoline- dopamin D2 agonist 2. Reduce calories, increase exercise, remove toys Sometimes spontaneous regression | Do not spay during signs: progesterone will drip and sustain pseudopregn

Question 33

How is misaliance (accidental pregnancy) treated?

Answer 33

Aglepristone (Alizin) 2 injections 24h apart <45 days post mating- can show parturition signs OVH Cabergoline- off licence

Question 34

What is juvenile vaginitis?

Answer 34

Mucoid to mucopurulent vulval discharge- **pre-pupertal** Self-limiting