1
Q
Linear Learner
A
linear regression
can handle both regression and classification
for classification, a linear threshold is used
2
Q
Linear Learner Input Format
A
recordIO/protobuf, csv
file or pipe mode supported
3
Q
Linear Learner Usage
A
preprocessing: data must be normalized and shuffled training: choose optimization function alg multiple models optimized in parallel tune L1, L2 regularization
4
Q
XGBoost
A
eXtreme Gradient Boosting
boosted group of decision trees
gradient descent to minimize loss
can be used for classification and regression
5
Q
XGBoost Input
A
CSV, libsvm
recently recordIO/protobuf, Parquet
6
Q
XGBoost Usage
A
Models are serialized/deserialized with Pickle
can be used within notebook or as a built in SM algorithm
HPs: Subsample, eta, gamma, alpha, lambda
Only uses CPUs, only memory bound
7
Q
Seq2Seq
A
Input is a sequence of tokens, output is a sequence of tokens
good for machine translation, text summarization, speech to text
8
Q
Seq2Seq Input
A
recordIO/protobuf - tokens must be integers
start with tokenized text files
NEED TO PROVIDE TRAINING DATA, VALIDATION DATA, AND VOCAB FILES
9
Q
Seq2Seq Usage
A
Training can take days
Pretrained models available
Public training datasets available for specific translation tasks
HPs: batch, optimizer, # layers
can optimize on accuracy, BLEU score, perplexity
only uses single machine GPU
10
Q
DeepAR
A
forcasting 1D time-series data
uses RNNs
allows you to train the same model on several related time series
finds frequency and seasonality
11
Q
DeepAR Input
A
JSON lines (gzip or parquet)
each record must contain: start, target
can contain dynamic/categorical features
12
Q
DeepAR Usage
A
- always include entire time series
- uses entire dataset, remove last points for training
- don’t use very large values for prediction length
- train on many time series’ when possible
HPs: epochs, batch size, learning rate, # cells, context length
GPU or CPU for training, CPU only for inference
13
Q
BlazingText
A
- Text Classification
predict labels for a sentence (NOT DOCS)
supervised
ex. web search, info retrieval - Word2Vec
- vector representation of words
- semantically similar words represented by vectors
close to each other > word embedding
- useful for NLP, but not an NLP algorithm
- only works on INDIVIDUAL words
14
Q
BlazingText Input
A
- Text Class. (supervised mode)
- 1 sentence / line
- 1st word in sentence is label “label”
- augmented manifest text format - Word2Vec
- text file with 1 sentence / line
15
Q
BlazingText Usage
A
Word2Vec has multiple modes:
- cbow > continuous bag of words (order doesn't matter) - skip-gram (order matters) - batch skip-gram (distributed over CPU nodes)
HPs:
- Word2Vec: mode, learning rate, window size, vector dim, negative samples
- Text Classification: epochs, learning rate, word n-grams, vector dim (how many words we look at together)
cbow and skipgram use GPU (can use CPU)
batch skipgram use single or multiple CPU
Text class - use CPU for smaller, GPU for larger
16
Q
Object2Vec
A
- like Word2Vec but with arbitrary objects
- boil data down to lower level representation
- compute nearest neighbors, visualize clusters, genre prediction, recommendations
- UNSUPERVISED
17
Q
Object2Vec Input
A
- tokenized into integers
- pairs or sequences of tokens
- sentence-sentence, labels-sequence, customer-customer, product-product, user-item
18
Q
Object2Vec Usage
A
- process data into JSON and shuffle
- train with 2 input channels, 2 encoders, 1 comparator
- encoder choices:
- average pooled embeddings, CNN, bidirectional LSTM
- comparator is followed by a feed-forward neural network
HPs: usual deep learning ones:
- dropout, early stopping, epochs, learning rate, batch size, layers, activation function, optimizer, weight decay - encoder1 network, encoder2 network
single machine, multi GPU
use inference pref mode to optimize for encoder embeddings rather than classification or regression
19
Q
Object Detection
A
- ID all images in an image with bounding boxes
- detect and classify with one deep neural network
- provide confidence scores
- can train images from scratch, or use pretrained models on ImageNet
20
Q
Object Detection Input
A
- recordIO or image format (need JSON file for annotation data)
21
Q
Object Detection Usage
A
- image»_space; outputs all instances of all objects in image with categories and confidence scores
- CNN with SSD algorithm
- VGG-16 or ResNet 50
- transfer learning mode / incremental training
- use pretrained model for base network weights instead of random initial rates
- uses flip, rescale, and jitter to avoid overfitting
HPs: batch size, learning rate, optimizer
GPU for training, CPU for inference
22
Q
Image Classification
A
- assign one or more labels to an image
- doesn’t tell you where the objects are (no bounding)
23
Q
Image Classification Input
A
- MxNet Record10 (not protobuf!)
- raw images
- requires first file to associate image with labels
- augmented manifest image format - pipe mode!
24
Q
Image Classification Usage
A
- ResNet CNN
- full training > initialized with random weights
- transfer learning mode:
- initialized with pretrained weights
- top layer is initialized with random weights
- network is fine-tuned with new training data
- default size is 3channel 224*224
HPs: batch, learning rate, optimizers (weight decay, beta1, beta2, eps, gamma)
GPU for training, GPU or CPU for instance
25
Semantic Segmentation
- pixel-level object classification
- useful for self-driving cars
- produces a segmentation mask
26
Semantic Segmentation Input
- JPG images and PNG annotations
- label maps for describing annotations
- augmented manifest image format for pipe!
- JPG for inference
27
Semantic Segmentation Usage
- built on MxNet Gluon and GluonCV
- choice of 3 algorithms:
- fully-convolutional network (FCN)
- pyramid scene parsing (PSP)
- DeepLabV3
- backbone: ResNet50, ResNet10
- both trained on ImageNet
HPs: epochs, learning rate, batch size, optimizer, algorithm used, backbone used
single machine GPU only, CPU or GPU for inference
28
Random Cut Forest
- unsupervised anomaly detection
- detect
- spikes in time-series data
- breaks in periodicity
- unclassifiable data points
- gives anomaly score to each point
- amazon very proud of this!
29
Random Cut Forest Inputs
- CSV or recordIO/protobuf
- file or pipe
- optional test channel for computing AUC, recall, precision, F1 score
30
Random Cut Forest Usage
- create forest of trees where each tree is a partition of the training data
- looks at expected change in complexity as a result of adding a new point
- sampled randomly, then trained
- can be used on time series
HPs: number of trees (increasing # reduces noise), samples / tree
no GPU
31
Neural Topic Model
- organize documents into topics
- classify/summarize documents based on topics
- not just TF/IDF
- NTM groups things into higher levels
- unsupervised
- uses a neural variational inference algorithm
32
Neural Topic Model Input
- four data channels
- train channel required (validation, test, aux optional)
- recordIO/protobuf or CSV
- words need to be tokenized with a vocab file
- file or pipe mode
33
Neural Topic Model Usage
- define how many topics to generate
- latent representation based on top-ranking words
- one of two topic modeling algorithms (LDA)
HPs: smaller batch size and learning rate can reduce validation loss but increase training time, # of topics
CPU or GPU
34
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
- topic modeling (not deep learning)
- unsupervised
- grouping of documents with shared subset of words
- can be used for things other than words
- customer clusters, harmonic analysis
35
LDA Input
- train, optional test channel
- recordIO/protobuf or CSV - need to tokenize
- each document has counts for every word in vocab (CSV)
- pipe only supported with recordIO
36
LDA Usage
- unsupervised > you pick the # of topics
- test channel - score results
- functionally similar to Neural Topic Modeling, but CPU based
HPs: # of topics, Alpha0 (initial guess for concentration values)
single instance CPU
37
KNN
- supervised
- simple classification or regression algorithm
- classification:
- find K closest points to a sample and return most frequent label
- regression:
- find K closest points to a sample and return average value
38
KNN Input
- train, optional test channel
- recordIO/protobuf or CSV
- file or pipe
39
KNN Usage
- data is sampled
- dimensionality reduction
- avoid sparse data at the cost of noise/accuracy
- sign or figit methods
- build index
- serialize
- query
HPs: K, sample size
CPU or GPU
inference - CPU for lower latency, GPU for higher throughput
40
K-Means
- unsupervised clustering
- divide data into K groups where members are similar
- you define "similar" > euclidian distance
- web-scale k-means clustering
41
K-means Inputs
- train channel (sharded by S3 key flag), optional test (fully replicated key flag)
- recordIO/protobuf or CSV
- file and pipe
42
K-Means Usage
- every observation mapped to n-dimensional space
- works to optimize center of K-clusters
- extra cluster centers may be specified to improve accuracy
- K = k*x
- k = clusters we want
- x = extra cluster centers
- algorithm: determine initial cluster centers
- random or K-means ++
- K-means ++ tries to make initial clusters far apart
- iterate over data and calculate cluster centers
- reduce clusters from K to k (using Lloyd's method for k-means++)
HPs: batch size, extra center factor (x), init method (random or k-means++), K
- K is tricky: use elbow method - basically optimize for tightness of clusters
CPU or GPU (CPU recommended)
43
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
- dimensionality reduction
- projecting higher-level dimensional data into lower-dimensional (like a 2D plot) while minimizing loss of info
- reduced dimensions are called components
- first component has largest possible variability
- 2nd component has next largest
- unsupervised
44
PCA Inputs
- recordIO/protobuf
| - file or pipe
45
PCA Usage
- covariance matrix created, then singular value decomposition (SVD)
- 2 modes:
- regular - sparse data, moderate # of features
- randomized - large # of features
- uses approximation algorithm
HPs: algorithm mode, subtract mean (unbias data)
CPU or GPU - depends on specifics of data
46
Factorization Machines
- classification/regression with SPARSE DATA
- good for recommendations
- click prediction
- item recommendations
- since a user doesn't interact with most pages/products, the data is sparse
- supervised (classification or regression)
- limited to pair-wise interactions
- user - item
47
Factorization Machines Inputs
- recordIO/protobuf with Float32
| - sparse data means CSV isn't practical
48
Factorization Machines Usage
- essentially makes a big matrix
- find factors we can use to predict a classification (click or not) or value (predicted rating) given a matrix representing some pair of things (users and items)
HPs: initialization methods for bias, factors, and linear terms
- uniform, normal, or constant
CPU or GPU - CPU recommended, GPU only works with dense data
49
IP Insights
- unsupervised
- learning of IP address usage patterns
- ID suspicious activity
- security tool
50
IP Insights Inputs
- user names, account IDs can be fed in directly
- training channel, optional validation (computes AUC)
- CSV only
- entity, IP
51
IP Insights Usage
- neural network to learn about latent vector representations of entities and IP
- entities hashed and embedded
- need big enough hash size
- auto generates negative samples by randomly pairing entities and IPs
HPs: # of entity vectors (hash size), vector dim, epochs, learning rate, batch size
CPU or GPU (GPU recommended)
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