Psychology > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is schizophrenia ?

A

It’s a type of psychosis a severe mental disorder which affects 1% of the population

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2
Q

What are the two diagnostic manuals and how long does it take to diagnose ?

A

DSM 5- 6 months - two or more from a list of 5 symptoms

ICD 11- one month - 2 negative symptoms and one positive

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3
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia ?

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganised speech

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4
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Affective flattening - emotional expression is reduced

Alogia - lack of speech fluidity

Avolition - reduction of interests

Catatonic behaviour - unusual positions

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5
Q

What is the definition of reliability ?

A

Consistency of results by clinicians

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6
Q

What is the definitions of external reliability ?

A

Test- retest reliability - shows if the data is the same

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7
Q

What is the definition of internal reliability ?

A

How consistent something measures the same thing and gets the same results

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8
Q

What is the definition of validity ?

A

To what extent does a test measure what it claims to measure

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9
Q

What is the definition of internal validity ?

A

Establish a trustworthy cause and effect

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10
Q

What is the definition of external validity ?

A

Can findings be generalised to other settings

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11
Q

What is the definition of population validity ?

A

To the extent results can be generalised to the population

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12
Q

What is meant by diagnostic relatability ?

A

Diagnosis must be repeatable eg clinical a reach same conclusions- test retest reliability or inter rated reliability

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13
Q

How is inter rated reliability compared ?

A

Use a Kappa score - if it’s 0.7 or above it’s a good score.

However DSM 5 is rated 0.46

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14
Q

How did Beck see inter rater reliability ?

A

Inter rated reliability between 2 psychiatrist which considering causes of 154 patients consistency was only 54%

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15
Q

How does copeland’s study show cultural differences in reliability ?

A

Gave 134 US and 194 British psychiatrists a description of a patient 69% US diagnosed but only 2% for British.

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16
Q

How does Luhrman prove cultural differences in reliability ?

A

60 diagnosed SZ ( 20 from each of Ghana, India and US ) asked about voices. Ghana and India reported positive experiences with voices whereas America said violent voices

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17
Q

How does broverman suggest that there is gender bias within diagnosing Schizophrenia?

A

Male behaviour is deemed as healthy and they use this for all genders so women are more seen as abnormal

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18
Q

How does longenecker support gender bias in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

Reviewed schizophrenia studies - more men diagnosed may be due to genetic vulnerability or women being seen as better functioning than men

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19
Q

What is meant by symptom overlap ?

A

Many symptoms of schizophrenia can be seen in other disorders such as depression and bipolar eg avolition is also in depression

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20
Q

What is meant by co- morbility ?

A

Having more than one disorder at a given time eg schizophrenia and depression

Buckley - co morbility is 50% in depressed patients

Schizophrenia and OCD are most commonly together

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21
Q

Why is prognosis an evaluation of validity ?

A

Prognosis of schizophrenia has many outcomes eg fully recovered or relapse.

If there are many outcomes is it schizophrenia that they actually have ?

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22
Q

What are the consequences of co morbidity ?

A

Diagnosing psychiatric disorders tend to have lower standard of medical care

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23
Q

How many genes are associated with schizophrenia?

A

108

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24
Q

What did Gottesman find about family studies ?

Study These Flashcards
A

40 studies and found MZ was 48% concordance and 17% for DZ

25
What did Gottesman and shield find about twin studies ?
Children with two schizophrenic parents has concordance rate of 46%
26
What did Tiernari find about adoption studies and schizophrenia?
164 Finnish adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia 6.7% received a SZ diagnosis compared to a 2% control group
27
What are the two negatives of using twin studies to explain schizophrenia development ?
Concordance rates aren’t 100% Twins grow up in the same environment
28
What did Suddath find about neural explanations for schizophrenia?
Studied twins which one had schizophrenia and found the one with schizophrenia had enlarged ventricles
29
What did Jackel find about the Ventral stratium?
Lower levels of activity in those with schizophrenia ( anticipation for reward )
30
What in Allen find about neural correlates ?
Lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus correlations to hallucinations
31
What are the evaluations to neural correlates ?
Doesn’t consider environmental factors Can be studied scientifically
32
What is hyperdopaminersia ?
It is the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and it is the excess of dopamine it happens in the Broca’s area and the sub cortex
33
What is the hypodopaminergia?
It is the negative symptoms of schizophrenia it occurs in the prefrontal cortex and it is a lack of dopamine
34
What are the positive evaluations of the dopamine hypothesis?
LSD creates the same state as someone with schizophrenia in non SZ patients showing that dopamine levels do impact SZ antipsychotics reduce SZ symptoms
35
What are the negative evaluations of the dopamine hypothesis?
Only a correlation it’s unclear if SZ causes changes in dopamine levels or vice versa Antipsychotics only reduce symptoms in 20% of patients so must be other causes
36
What drug can be used for typical antipsychotics ?
Chlorpromazine which blocks dopamine receptors and decreases dopamine
37
What are the side effects of typical antipsychotic drugs?
Tardive dyskinesia, weight gain and dry mouth
38
How does Barlow and Durand support typical antipsychotics ?
Chlorpromazine is effective in reducing symptoms in 60% of patients
39
How does Barlow and Durand go against typical antipsychotics ?
Found it is not effective in reducing symptoms in 40% of cases
40
What drug can be used as an atypical antipsychotics ?
Clozapine - blocks dopamine and serotonin receptor sites
41
What are the side effects of atypical antipsychotics ?
Tardive dyskinesia is reduced but still have side effects
42
How does Pickar support atypical drugs ?
Found that it was most effective in reducing symptoms
43
How does Meltzer go against atypical drugs ?
Found that it is only effective in 30-50% of cases even where typical treatments have failed
44
What are the evaluations of drug therapy to treat schizophrenia?
•Extrapyramidal side effects •Typical drugs can be worse than schizophrenia as the side effects are bad •Leutcht- found placebos caused more relapse rates than antipsychotics • lamer found that therapy and drugs together are more effective
45
What is double bind theory and who proposed it ?
Bateson proposed double bind theory which is when children receive contradictory messages from their parents which makes them feel like the world is confusing leading to hallucinating and delusions for example that was a good joke for you
46
What is the idea of expressed emotion ?
This is when a family claims over involvement when caring for their child with SZ they claim they are burdened with care and take all responsibility for the care of the patient.
47
How does Kuipeer support expressed emotion?
Found 4x more likely to relapse and higher EE relatives talk more and listen less.
48
What is the idea of the schizophrenogenic mother ?
It’s a mother that is over productive but insensitive. Induces conflict and is rejecting to their child which leads to a weak ego in the child.
49
Who supports family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia?
Tienari - Finnish adoption study - SZ developed in families that were disturbed Berger - SZ patients reported higher amounts of expressed emotion that non SZ people
50
51
What are the negative evaluations of family dysfunction ?
Patients may have biased recall of events as they were children Family dysfunctions more likely to be a trigger but biological is a better explanation for SZ
52
What are the cognitive explanations for schizophrenia ?
It’s the idea that dysfunctional thought processes impacts SZ especially in those with positive symptoms of SZ
53
How can the formation of delusions impact someone with SZ?
Patients interpretations of their experiences during delusions are controlled by inadequate information processing. It’s how individual perceives themselves during the events and jumping to conclusions of other events. The voices are considered as voices criticising them
54
How does Aleman support hallucinations ?
They find it difficult to distinguish between reality and imaginary the idea of what people think of them can override the actual sensory stimulus and produce a false idea
55
What are Firth’s idea of dysfunctional thought processes?
Meta representation and central control
56
What is meterepresention as an explanation for SZ?
Someone with SZ has a dysfunctional meta representation which disrupts our ability to recognise our own thoughts and actions being carried out by ourselves. Someone with SZ believes it is someone else that is doing these actions not themselves
57
What is the idea of central control?
Central control is the ability to suppress automatic responses someone without this has disorganised speech as the person cannot suppress this from happening
58
What are the positive evaluations for cognitive explanations ?
CBT is successful in treating SZ as patients are encouraged to belated their delusions and consider how they may be faulty
59
What are the negative evaluations of cognitive explanations of SZ?
It fails to explains changes with neurotransmitters and brain structures and maybe we need to take more of a interactionalist approach
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