Science

Question 1

what is cell theory?

Answer 1

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter

Question 2

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

No nucleus or membrane bound organelles (e.g. bacteria)
Very simple and small
Organisms are single-celled

Question 3

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

Has a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane (e.g. plant & animal cells)
Cells have a more complex organization than prokaryotes
Organelles exist to perform a specific function within a cell
Can be single-celled or multicellular organisms

Question 4

what are the 2 kingdoms of prokaryotic cells

Answer 4

Archaea
Bacteria

Question 5

what are the 4 kingdoms of Eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

Protists (unicellular)
Fungi
Plants
Animals

Question 6

characteristics of living things

Answer 6

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

Question 7

what is an organelle?

Answer 7

An organelle is a cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell

Question 8

cytoplasm

Answer 8

Jelly-like substance that fills cells
All the organelles in the cell are suspended in the cytoplasm
Allows for cell reactions to occur

Question 9

cell membrane

Answer 9

Supports the cell
Double layered
Allows some substances to enter while keeping others out of the cell
Referred to as semi-permeable membrane

Question 10

nucleus

Answer 10

• Control centre of the cell
• Has a semi-permeable membrane known as the nucleus membrane
• Contains genetic information that controls all cell activities
• Contains DNA/Chromatin

Question 11

nucleolus

Answer 11

Area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made

Question 12

mitochondria

Answer 12

• The “powerhouse” of the cell
• Makes energy available to the cells
• Sugars are converted into usable energy (ATP)
• Cite of cellular respiration

Question 13

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

• Network of tubes that runs through the cytoplasm from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane
• Used for transporting material and proteins
• In the brain the ER assists with the production of hormones
• In the muscles the ER is involved with muscle contraction
• Involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Question 14

what is usually attached to the ER

Answer 14

ribosomes

Question 15

what are the 2 types of ER and what is the difference?

Answer 15

Smooth ER: no ribosomes
Rough ER: has ribosomes

Question 16

golgi bodies

Answer 16

• Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell
• Makes and secrete mucus
• It modifies proteins and lipids (fats) that have been built in the ER and prepares them for export outside of the cell or for transport to other locations in the cell

Question 17

vacuoles

Answer 17

• A single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac
• The functions of vacuoles vary greatly
• These include storage of food or wastes of water, removing waste from cell or maintaining cell pressure

Question 18

what is the difference between plant and animal cell’s vacuoles?

Answer 18

Animal cells: small vacuoles
Plant cells: one large central vacuole

Question 19

cell wall

Answer 19

Located just outside the cell membrane; provides support and protection for the cell

Question 20

do both animal and plant cells have a cell wall?

Answer 20

only plant cells

Question 21

chloroplasts

Answer 21

• Contain chlorophyll and give leaves their green colour
• Absorb light energy
• Site of photosynthesis

Question 22

do both animal and plant cells have chloroplasts?

Answer 22

only plant cells

Question 23

photosynthesis

Answer 23

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (sunlight) → Glucose and Oxygen

CO2 + H2O + Energy –> C6H12O6 + O2

Question 24

ribosomes

Answer 24

• Where proteins are assembled
• exist in the cytoplasm as well as attached to the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
• non-membrane bound organelle

Question 25

centrioles

Answer 25

Create spindle fibres which are required for cell division

Question 26

do both animal and plant cells have centrioles?

Answer 26

only animal cells

Question 27

lysosomes

Answer 27

- The garbage can of the cell - contains digestive enzymes to help break down materials and eliminate waste - If the cell is damaged beyond repair, lysosomes can help it to self-destruct in a process called programmed cell death, or apoptosis mostly in animal cells

Question 28

plant cell shape and size

Answer 28

- 10-100 micrometers in length - Typically rectangular or cubic in shape

Question 29

animal cell shape and size

Answer 29

- 10-30 micrometers in length - Typically round or irregular

Question 30

what do all cells need?

Answer 30

- Source of energy - Nutrients - Water - Gases

Question 31

diffusion

Answer 31

A transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and out of the cell, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 32

concentration

Answer 32

The number of substance (solute) present in a given volume of solution Concentration (C) = solute/solvent

Question 33

solute

Answer 33

what is being dissolved

Question 34

solvent

Answer 34

what is dissolving the solute

Question 35

solution

Answer 35

result of solute dissolved into solvent

Question 36

osmosis

Answer 36

The movement of a fluid (water), across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

Question 37

why do cells divide

Answer 37

- Reproduction - Growth - Repair

Question 38

why do cells cycle?

Answer 38

- Do not last forever - Must grow - Must produce new cells themselves - Must repair themselves

Question 39

why do cells die?

Answer 39

- Age - Redundancy - Unable to function - Damaged

Question 40

sexual reproduction

Answer 40

- producing offspring from two parents; the offspring inherits genetic information from each parent - Eukaryotic cells contain half the genetic information from two individuals combine to form offspring

Question 41

plasmid

Answer 41

small secondary strand of genetics (DNA)

Question 42

meiosis

Answer 42

Produces genetically different offspring

Question 43

asexual reproduction

Answer 43

Mitosis - Single celled organisms divided to create two “daughter” cells - Produces identical offspring

Question 44

what are the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 44

- Interphase - Mitosis - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase - Cytokinesis

Question 45

what is the longest phase in the cell cycle?

Answer 45

interphase

Question 46

what happens in the interphase?

Answer 46

Cells perform their functions and prepare for mitosis

Question 47

what are the 3 subphases of interphase?

Answer 47

G1 (gap 1) S (synthesis) G2 (gap 2)

Question 48

what happens in G1?

Answer 48

Cell undergoes normal activities and grows

Question 49

what happens in S?

Answer 49

Replication of DNA (chromatin); cell continues to grow - DNA must be replicated before cell division - Each new cell will have an identical copy of DNA - Semi-conservative = each cell has half of the old/original DNA and half new DNA

Question 50

what happens in G2?

Answer 50

Growth preparation for mitosis usually shortest phase

Question 51

what is G0?

Answer 51

- "resting state" - cells stay either temporarily (until cell is ready to divide) or permanently

Question 52

what happens in mitosis?

Answer 52

Process of cell division that ensures each new cell gets a complete (identical) copy of the genome

Question 53

what are the phases of mitosis?

Answer 53

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase