SCIENCE

Question 1

Particulate Model of Matter:

Answer 1

All matter is made of tiny, invisible particles like atoms and it’s always constant

Question 2

the smallest particle of a single element.

Answer 2

Atom

Question 3

composed of two or more atoms chemically combined.

Answer 3

Molecule

Question 4

It has a definite shape and a definite volume.

Particles are very close together and vibrate in fixed positions.

Strong attractive forces between particles.

Answer 4

Solid

Question 5

Has indefinite shape (takes the shape of its container).

Has definite volume.

Particles are close together but can slide past each other.

Answer 5

Liquid

Question 6

It has an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

Particles are very far apart and move freely and rapidly.

Large spaces between particles make gases easily compressible

Answer 6

Gas

Question 7

the space occupied by a gas.

SI unit: cubic meter (m³).

Answer 7

Volume (V)

Question 8

– the force exerted by gas particles on the walls of the container.

SI unit: Pascal (Pa).

Answer 8

Pressure (P)

Question 9

the number of gas particles present.

SI unit: moles (mol).

Answer 9

Amount of Substance (n)

Question 10

the measure of the average kinetic energy of gas particles.

SI unit: Kelvin (K).

Answer 10

Temperature (T)

Question 11

The inverse relationship between the volume and pressure

and amount of gas and temp is constant

Answer 11

Boyle’s Law

Question 12

Who discovered boyle law

Answer 12

Robert Boyle.

Question 13

Boyle’s Law Formula

Answer 13

P1V1 = P2v2

p= pressure
v=volume

Question 14

the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

volume and amount of gas is held constant

Answer 14

Charles’ Law

Question 15

Charles’ Law Formula

Answer 15

V1T2=T1V2

Question 16

Absolute Temperature (Kelvin)

Answer 16

Celsius is negative at low temperatures.
Negative temperatures don’t exist in real particle motion.
Kelvin is the only temperature scale that starts at absolute 0, the point where particle motion theoretically stops.
0 K = no thermal energy
Standard Temperature is 0°C

Question 17

To convert Celsius to Kelvin

Answer 17

simply add 273.15 to the Celsius temperature

Question 18

To convert Kelvin to Celsius

Answer 18

subtract 273.15 from the Kelvin temperature

Question 19

It is the direct relationship between pressure and temperature

held at constant Volume

Answer 19

Gay - Lussac’s Law

Question 20

Gay - Lussac’s Law Formula

Answer 20

P1T2=T1P2

Question 21

also known as ‘Organic Molecules’, these are the carbon-based building blocks of life. They are essential for living organisms and life processes.

Answer 21

Biomolecules

Question 22

The Major Biomolecules:

Answer 22

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Protein

Question 23

The “Primary Elements of Life”

Answer 23

Oxygen: (65%)
Carbon: (18%)
Hydrogen: (9.5%)

Question 24

most abundant biomolecule on Earth; it is the “Sugar Molecules” or the source of energy that powers your cells.

Answer 24

Carbohydrates

Question 25

Carbohydrates are made up with three elements with ratio of

Answer 25

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, with a ratio of 1: 2: 1. (CH_2O)

Question 26

Types of Carbohydrates:

Answer 26

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Question 27

The "Simple Sugar" consists of only 1 sugar unit. It is a monomer, which is the building block of all carbohydrates.

Answer 27

Monosaccharides

Question 28

Types of monosaccharides

Answer 28

Glucose: The main source of energy for your cells. Fructose (C_6H_12O_6): Also known as the “Fruit sugar”, one of the natural sugars Galactose: Found primarily in dairy products.

Question 29

two monosaccharides bond together, consisting of 2 sugar units.

Answer 29

Disaccharides

Question 30

Types of Disaccharides:

Answer 30

Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) Lactose (Glucose + Galactose) Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)

Question 31

made up of long chains of sugar molecules (glucose) abd more than two sugar units

Answer 31

Polysaccharides

Question 32

Types of Polysaccharides:

Answer 32

Starch Glycogen Cellulose

Question 33

Monomer: a-glucose Function: Energy storage in plants Structure: Long chains of Glucose (amylose and amylopectin) Iodine Test: Used to determine the presence of ____ in a sample. Blue-black Color: After adding iodine, it indicates the presence of ____the sample (Positive) No Color CHANGE: ____ is absent in the sample (Negative)

Answer 33

Starch

Question 34

Monomer: a-glucose Function: Energy storage in animals (mainly in the liver and muscles) Structure: Highly Branched Chains of Glucose.

Answer 34

Glycogen

Question 35

Monomer: ß-glucose Function: Structural component of plant cell walls Structure: Straight chains forming strong fibers.

Answer 35

Cellulose

Question 36

hydrophobic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. used for long term energy, and insulation, building cell membranes

Answer 36

Lipids

Question 37

Types of Lipids

Answer 37

Fats & Oils (Triglycerides) Waxes Phospholipids Steroid Lipids are differentiated by their structure/composition.

Question 38

Structure: 1 Glycerol (Backbone) + 3 Fatty acid chains

Answer 38

Fats & Oils

Question 39

Subtypes of Fat & Oils and differentiate them

Answer 39

Saturated (Fats): Solid at room temperature, Straight fatty chains. Unsaturated (Oils): Liquid at room temperature, Bent fatty chains.

Question 40

Long fatty acid chain + Ester + Alcohol Found in animals and plants to give them a protective layer, it is extremely water-resistant.

Answer 40

Waxes (Ester: The chemical bond that connects the fatty acid chain and the alcohol.)

Question 41

This is the vital part of a cell membrane Structure: 2 Fatty acid chains + 1 modified phosphate group

Answer 41

Phospholipids

Question 42

Subtype of Phospholipids

Answer 42

Hydrophobic: 2 fatty acid chains Hydrophilic (Water-loving): Phosphate

Question 43

they are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Its functions are cell membrane stability and hormonal signaling. Four fused rings

Answer 43

Steroids

Question 44

Types of Steroids:

Answer 44

Cholesterol Sex Hormones Cortisol

Question 45

These are the blueprints of life: chemical compounds found in cells that store and transmit genetic information that tells cells how to build proteins.

Answer 45

Nucleic Acid

Question 46

Two main classes of Nucleic Acid:

Answer 46

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

Question 47

Monomer (Building Blocks): of nucleic acid

Answer 47

Nucleotides

Question 48

Built from long chains or networks of smaller, repeating chemical units called monomers linked together

Answer 48

Polymer

Question 49

Monomer (Building Blocks): of nucleic acid

Answer 49

Nucleotides

Question 50

Dna

Answer 50

This stores genetic information for all living organisms. Sugar: Deoxyribose Structure: Double helix Nitrogenous Base: Thymine Nitrogenous Base: Nitrogenous bases are the nitrogen-rich molecules that act as the 'letters' of the genetic code Polymer Length: Longer Polymer than RNA (contains millions of nucleotides) Location: Nucleus Reactivity: Very stable, not that reactive, and keeps genetic information safe.

Answer 51

This transmits and translates the genetic code (DNA) into proteins using the process called protein synthesis. Sugar: Ribose Structure: Single-stranded Nitrogenous Base: Uracil Polymer Length: Shorter than DNA (contains a few thousand nucleotides) Location: Nucleus - Cytoplasm Reactivity: Not stable, highly reactive, and easily attacked by enzymes. Types of RNA: mRNA: The messenger tRNA: Transfer rRNA: Ribosomal

Question 52

tRNA

Answer 52

Transfer

Question 53

mRNA

Answer 53

The messenger

Question 54

rRNA:

Answer 54

Ribosomal

Question 55

Describes the one-way flow of genetic information within a biological system. It outlines how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Answer 55

The Central Dogma of molecular biology

Question 56

Replication

Answer 56

DNA Doubles (2x)

Question 57

transcription:

Answer 57

DNA converts into mRNA

Question 58

Translation:

Answer 58

mRNA to Protein

Question 59

large, complex molecules that serve as the essential building blocks of tissues, muscles, enzymes, etc in living organisms. They do most of the work in cells, which are required for structure, function, and regulatio

Answer 59

Proteins

Question 60

Monomer of proteins

Answer 60

Amino Acids

Question 61

A smaller version of a protein, it has 2-10 linked amino acids.

Answer 61

Peptide:

Question 62

Contains 10-50 linked amino acids.

Answer 62

Polypeptide

Question 63

Made of one or several polypeptides.

Answer 63

Proteins:

Question 64

Types of proteins:

Answer 64

Messenger (Hormones): Chemical messenger Enzymatic (Enzymes): They aid or accelerate chemical processes. Structural (Collagen/Keratin): Structured Components. Defensive (Anti-Body): Aids the immune system. Storage & Transport (Hemoglobin): Stores/Carries vital nutrients.