Science Chapter 3

Question 1

What are all substances made out of?

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

What’s the smallest unit of matter?

Answer 2

Particles

Question 3

Movement in all directions and at different speeds.

Answer 3

Random Motion

Question 4

The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Answer 4

Diffusion

Question 5

How does random motion depend on the state of matter?

Answer 5

Depending on the state of matter, the particles will move at different amounts.

Solid particles move the least, and will just vibrate in place.

Liquid particles will move more but the particles stay close together.

Gas particles will move quickly and spread out from each other.

Question 6

Give an example of diffusion.

Answer 6

When you put dye in a beaker of water, the dye will eventually diffuse, or spread out until it is distributed evenly in the beaker.

Question 7

Energy due to motion

Answer 7

Kinetic Energy

Question 8

How do kinetic energy, diffusion, and random motion relate?

Answer 8

The more kinetic energy particles have, the more random motion they will have. Because they have more random motion, they will diffuse quicker.

Question 9

How can you increase the kinetic energy of a substance?

Answer 9

Adding heat to a substance will increase the kinetic energy.

Question 10

If you increase the kinetic energy of a substance, what happens to its particles? *BE ABLE TO DRAW AND EXPLAIN THIS.

Answer 10

More kinetic energy means more particle movement. When drawing particles, we indicate the amount of energy/movement the particle has by drawing “movement squiggles.”

Question 11

The study of heat.

Answer 11

Thermodynamics

Question 12

What is the main unit for energy?

Answer 12

The main unit for energy is Joule.

Question 13

What happens to the particles when a substance is heated?

Answer 13

The particles gain energy and move around more.
Because they move around more they bump into each other and push each other away which causes them to take up more space.
When they take up more space because they have more energy and are moving more… We call this thermal expansion.

Question 14

What happens to particles when a substance is cooled?

Answer 14

The particles lose energy and move around less.
Because they move around less, they bump into each other less and take up less space.
When they take up less space because they have less energy and are moving around less, we call this thermal contraction.

Question 15

An increase in a materials’s volume when the temperature is increased

Answer 15

Thermal Expansion

Question 16

A decrease in a materials’s volume when the temperature is decreased.

Answer 16

Thermal Contraction

Question 17

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material

Answer 17

Temperature

Question 18

List the 3 main temperature scales

Answer 18

Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.

Question 19

How does the amount of kinetic energy change have to do with the state of matter?

Answer 19

Solids have the least kinetic energy because their particles are held tightly together and so they can’t move around a lot.
Gases have the most kinetic energy because their particles can move freely.
Liquids have the middle amount of kinetic energy.

Question 20

How does the amount of substance affect how much kinetic energy it has?

Answer 20

When you have more of a substance, the more kinetic energy it has.
If you have 1 ice cube, it has less KE than 2 ice cubes.
This is because the 2 ice cubes have more particles so there is more movement.

Question 21

What happens to temperature as a substance changes state?

Answer 21

When a substance changes state, the temperature stays constant while it is changing state.

Question 22

Contrast the 2 types of vaporization

Answer 22

Evaporation-is vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid. (Occurs at lower temperatures.)

Boiling-is vaporization that occurs when the substance is heated to its boiling point.

Question 23

BE ABLE TO DRAW A DIAGRAM THAT REPRESENTS THE 3 STATES OF MATTER AND THE 6 PHASE CHANGES!!!!!!!!

Question 24

What happens to kinetic energy when you increase the temperature of a substance? How does this affect particle arrangement? BE ABLE TO DRAW AN EXAMPLE!!!!!!!!!

Answer 24

When you increase the temp of a substance, you increase its kinetic energy and particles move more quickly.

Question 25

What happens to kinetic energy when you decrease the temperature of a substance? How does this affect particle arrangement? BE ABLE TO DRAW AN EXAMPLE!!!!!!!!!

Answer 25

When you decrease the temp of a substance, you decrease its kinetic energy, causing the particles to move more slowly. This also causes the space between particles to decrease.

Question 26

Stored energy due to the interactions between particles, or objects.

Answer 26

Potential energy

Question 27

What is a heating curve?

Answer 27

Heating curves show what happens when temperature is added to a substance.

Question 28

BE ABLE TO DRAW AND LABEL A HEATING CURVE... USE PAGES 44 AND 45 IN YOUR BOOK TO HELP YOU OUT!!!

Question 29

When comparing 2 samples of the same substance, how can you determine which one has more energy?

Answer 29

The higher the temp, the higher the energy. Gases have the most. When you have a larger sample of a substance, it has more energy too. These comparisons ONLY work for the SAME substance.

Question 30

The result of all the particles, and the distance and attractions between those particles in the system.

Answer 30

Thermal energy

Question 31

A system that DOES NOT exchange matter or energy with the environment.

Answer 31

Closed system

Question 32

A system that exchanges matter and energy with the environment.

Answer 32

Open system

Question 33

Are most systems open or closed?

Answer 33

Most systems are open systems.

Question 34

The object that provides energy for energy transfer

Answer 34

Source Object

Question 35

The object that gains energy for energy transfer.

Answer 35

Receiver object.

Question 36

Give 3 examples of source object/receiver pairs

Answer 36

MAKING PANCAKES Source-Stove Receiver-Pan MAKING ICE Source-Water Receiver-Freezer

Question 37

The transfer of thermal energy from a region of lower temperature. Can also refer to the amount of energy transferred during the process.

Answer 37

Heat

Question 38

List the 3 types of thermal energy transfer

Answer 38

Conduction, convection, and radiation

Question 39

The transfer of thermal energy by collisions of particles of matter.

Answer 39

Conduction

Question 40

How does conduction transfer thermal energy through the particles?

Answer 40

When the warmer object with more kinetic energy and faster moving particles comes into contact with the cooler object with less kinetic energy and slower moving particles... It transfers that energy to the other object.

Question 41

Give an example of heat transfer through conduction.

Answer 41

Cooking a pancake Using a heating pad Warming your hands on a hot mug

Question 42

When the temperature of materials that are in contact are the same.

Answer 42

Thermal Equilibrium

Question 43

Give an example of thermal equilibrium.

Answer 43

When hot coffee sits out, and becomes room temperature... This is when thermal equilibrium has been reached.

Question 44

The transfer of thermal energy through electromagnetic waves.

Answer 44

Radiation

Question 45

What is a thermogram?

Answer 45

A camera that shows radiation WARMER OBJECTS-red, orange, yellow, white COOLER OBJECTS- green, blue, purple, black

Question 46

Give an example of heat transfer through radiation

Answer 46

The sun Using a space heater

Question 47

The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another; the circulation of particles within a material caused by differences in thermal energy and density.

Answer 47

Convection

Question 48

What type of substances can convection occur within?

Answer 48

Only in liquids and gases because the particles can move around more than solids can.

Question 49

During convection, why do the particles move, and what do they form as they move?

Answer 49

Warm particles rise, and then sink back down-this forms convection currents.

Question 50

Give an example of heat transfer using convection.

Answer 50

Hot air rising Warm air circulating through a room Boiling water Lava lamps

Question 51

What 2 factors affect how well a substance conducts thermal energy?

Answer 51

Mass, type of substance

Question 52

Describe the relationship between mass and thermal energy conductivity. What type of relationship is this?

Answer 52

The more mass in a substance, the slower it will conduct thermal energy. This is an inversely proportional relationship... Which means as one increases the other one decreases. Tha mount of material increases, its thermal conductivity decreases.

Question 53

How does the type of substance affect how a material conducts thermal energy?

Answer 53

Different materials conduct thermal energy differently. Thermal conductors will conduct thermal energy better than thermal insulators.

Question 54

The amount of thermal energy it takes to increase the temperature of 1kg of a material by 1

Answer 54

Specific Heat

Question 55

How does a substance with a high specific heat respond to temperature changes?

Answer 55

A substance with a high specific heat is resistant to temperature changes... This means it takes longer for it to heat up and cool down.

Question 56

How does a substance with a low specific heat respond to temperature changes?

Answer 56

A substance with a low specific heat changes temperature more easily... So it heats up quickly, but also cools down quickly.

Question 57

If you're given 2 substances and their specific heats, be able to predict how they might respond to temperature changes.

Answer 57

Lower specific heat changes temperature easier... So whichever substance has the lower specific heat will change temperature faster.

Question 58

Why is water's specific heat important?

Answer 58

Water has a very high specific heat which is important for life. It allows lakes and rivers to stay cool during the summer. It also is important in maintaining our body temperatures.

Question 59

A material through which thermal energy flows easily.

Answer 59

Thermal conductor

Question 60

A material through which thermal energy doesn't flow easily.

Answer 60

Thermal insulator

Question 61

BE ABLE TO PREDICT HOW TEMPERATURE WILL CHANGE BASED ON THE TYPE OF SUBSTANCE IT IS MADE OUT OF.

Answer 61

THIS MAY BE A QUESTION LIKE THE ONE WE HAD ON OUR LESSON CHECK WHERE WE HAD THE BOX WITH THE FOIL, OR THE BOX LINED WITH FOAM... MAKE SURE TO UNDERSTAND HOW TEMPERATURE CHANGE IS AFFECTED WITH FOIL VS THE FOAM.

Question 62

List and describe the 3 factors that affect a material's thermal conductivity.

Answer 62

Reflectivity/absorbancy-some substances reflect thermal energy and other's absorb heat. Thickness-The thicker the substance the larger the distance thermal energy has to travel so it takes longer for it to change temperatures. Surface area-The more exposed surface area, the quicker substance will increase its thermal energy. This is because there's more space for the thermal energy to transfer to.