Science Inquiry

Question 1

Quantitative Data

Answer 1

Numbers, focuses on identifying cause-and-effect relationships between variables, objective or subjective

Question 2

Advantages of Quantitative Data

Answer 2

• Large sample size
• Can be statistically analysed

Question 3

Disadvantages of Quantitative Data

Answer 3

• Lacks depth and detail
• Lacks openness

Question 4

Qualitative Data

Answer 4

Descriptions / observations, non-numerical and quite subjective e.g. interviews, focus groups

Question 5

Advantages of Qualitative Data

Answer 5

• Provides depth and detail
• Creates openness

Question 6

Disadvantages of Qualitative Data

Answer 6

• Open to personal or researcher bias
• Difficult to statistically analyse as responses could take variety of forms

Question 7

Objective vs Subjective Data

Answer 7

Objective measured according to identifiable external criteria

Subjective based on opinion with no external point of comparison

Question 8

5 Ethical Concepts

Answer 8

Beneficence

Integrity and Merit

Justice

Non-maleficence

Respect

Question 9

Beneficence

Answer 9

Having a commitment to do good and minimise risks

Question 10

Integrity and Merit

Answer 10

Having potential benefits and acting with honesty and transparency

Question 11

Justice

Answer 11

Ensuring fair distribution of benefits, risks and resources free of exploitation

Question 12

Non-maleficence

Answer 12

Avoiding harm or ensuring potential harm is outweighed by benefits

Question 13

Respect

Answer 13

Giving due regard to individual differences regarding autonomy and choice

Question 14

Informed Consent

Answer 14

Requirement of a research in the form of a written note given by a person of age to participate

Question 15

Informed consent must include:

Answer 15

• Guardian consent if under 18 or intellectually disabled
• Explanation of study’s purpose and foreseeable risks
• Explanation on method of data collection and storage / duration of data
• Enforcement of right to withdrawal and confidentiality

Question 16

5 Participant’s Rights

Answer 16

Confidentiality

Privacy

Withdrawal Rights

Voluntary Participation

Protection from Harm

Question 17

Confidentiality

Answer 17

Right to have information disclosed in a relationship

Question 18

Privacy

Answer 18

Right to privacy in terms of access, storage and disposal of information

Question 19

Voluntary Participation

Answer 19

Right to participate in an experiment free from bribery or coercion

Question 20

Withdrawal Rights

Answer 20

Right to leave a study or withdraw results at any time

Question 21

Protection from Harm

Answer 21

Should not experience negative physical or psychological effects

Question 22

Deception

Answer 22

Provision of false or incomplete information for the purpose of misleading research participants. Requires debriefing

Question 23

Debriefing

Answer 23

Experimental process in which after the experiment subjects are told of research’s purpose, and any deception is explained

Question 24

3R Principle

Answer 24

Replacement: Avoid using animals if applicable (tissues and cells)

Reduction: Use fewer animals in experiments (longitudinal studies)

Refinement: Enhance animal wellbeing and living conditions

Question 25

Extraneous Variable

Answer 25

Any variable other than IV that can change DV outcome in an unwanted way

Question 26

Confounding Variable

Answer 26

Impossible to determine variable that has had an unwanted effect on the DV

Question 27

Uncontrolled Variable

Answer 27

Stays random and has no effect on outcome

Question 28

Directional vs Non-Directional Hypothesis

Answer 28

Directional hypothesis should be made if research has been made prior to experiment

Question 29

3 Types of Extraneous Variables

Answer 29

Environment Variable: Aspects of environment that might affect behaviour (temperature, noise etc) Participant Variable: How each participant varies from each other and its effects (age, intelligence, mood etc) Research Variable: Experimenter conveys to participants how they should behave (health, expectations etc)

Question 30

Experimental Research

Answer 30

Used to test cause and effect relationship between two or more variables (how IV changes affect DV) C-group and E-group, E-group exposed to IV, C-group do not experience this treatment

Question 31

Non-Experimental Research

Answer 31

Does not involve manipulation of IV or control of extraneous variables Observation of naturally occurring phenomena

Question 32

Case Study (Qualitative)

Answer 32

Non-experimental Used to gain in-depth knowledge on specific individual or group Cannot be replicated

Question 33

Correlational Study (Quantitative)

Answer 33

Non-experimental Investigates relationship between 2 or more variables without intervention Closer to 1/-1, stronger correlation is

Question 34

Longitudinal Study

Answer 34

Same participants monitored at different times in their lives, takes time across a long period and intervals are lengthy

Question 35

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 35

Participants of different cohorts are investigated at one time