1
Q
What initiates an investigation?
A
Inquiry question: What initiates an investigation?
2
Q
What were the traditional beliefs about the causes of peptic ulcers?
A
Caused by spicy food, stress, smoking, and heavy drinking.
3
Q
What did Marshall and Warren discover about peptic ulcers?
A
They discovered Helicobacter Pylori as a potential cause.
4
Q
What is the digestive system?
A
Comprises organs that convert food into energy and essential nutrients.
5
Q
Define peptic ulcers.
A
Sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
6
Q
What major discovery did Marshall and Warren make?
A
Their discovery of H. pylori challenged traditional beliefs about ulcers.
7
Q
What recognition did Marshall and Warren receive for their work?
A
They received the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
8
Q
What does reliability in first-hand investigations refer to?
A
Can the same results be repeated using the same method?
9
Q
What is accuracy in the context of scientific investigations?
A
How close the data is to the true value.
10
Q
What is validity in a scientific investigation?
A
Does the investigation measure what it’s supposed to?
11
Q
List the nutrients required by plants.
A
- Adequate space
- Water and nutrients
- Air and soil
- Light and suitable temperature
12
Q
What is chlorophyll?
A
Pigment essential for capturing light energy in photosynthesis.
13
Q
What motivated von Helmont to investigate plant growth?
A
Curiosity about how plants grow.
14
Q
What was the hypothesis of von Helmont’s experiment?
A
Plants grow by taking up material from the soil.
15
Q
What conclusion did von Helmont reach about plant growth?
A
The plant’s growth was primarily due to water, not soil.
16
Q
How do microwaves cook food?
A
By causing water molecules in food to vibrate, generating heat.
17
Q
What led to the discovery of microwaves?
A
A chocolate bar in Spencer’s pocket warming up while working with magnetrons.
18
Q
What methodology did Marshall and Warren use for their investigation?
A
Collected primary data through bacterial cultures and biopsies.
19
Q
What did Eratosthenes use to measure the Earth’s circumference?
A
Shadows and angles measured during the summer solstice.
20
Q
What phenomenon does the Doppler effect describe?
A
The change in pitch of a sound as it moves towards or away from an observer.
21
Q
What did Priestley discover about plants through his experiments?
A
Plants produce a substance necessary for animals to live.
22
Q
What is the hypothesis of the student investigation on hydrogen peroxide?
A
An increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration will boost the reaction rate.
23
Q
What is the independent variable in the hydrogen peroxide investigation?
A
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide.
24
Q
What does reliability in scientific investigations refer to?
A
How consistently a method yields accurate results across multiple trials.
25
What is random error?
Variability due to chance causing inconsistent measurement differences.
26
What is systematic error?
Consistent deviations from the true value due to calibration issues.
27
Define gross error.
Major mistakes due to carelessness or equipment failure.
28
What is the formula for calculating average reaction rate?
Average Rate = Change in measurable quantity / Change in time.
29
What does Boyle's Law describe?
The relationship between the volume and pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature.
30
What is the formula for Boyle's Law?
P1V1 = P2V2.
31
What is the definition of an ideal gas?
A theoretical gas with no volume and no intermolecular forces.
32
What effect does temperature have on reaction rates?
Higher temperature increases kinetic energy, leading to more frequent collisions.
33
What are the controlled variables in the hydrogen peroxide reaction rate experiment?
* Control is the 0% hydrogen peroxide solution
* Consistent time intervals
* Fixed amount of detergent
* Constant temperature
* Uniform potato size
34
What is the significance of using a digital stopwatch in experiments?
Reduces parallax errors and allows for precise timing.
35
What is validity in the context of a scientific experiment?
How well-controlled variables maintain a fair test.
36
What are the two types of devices compared in terms of accuracy?
* Digital devices
* Analogue devices
37
What happens to the pressure of a gas if its volume decreases while temperature remains constant?
The pressure increases
## Footnote
This is a result of Boyle's Law.
38
What is the formula for Boyle's Law?
P1V1 = P2V2
## Footnote
Where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume.
39
Calculate the new pressure (P2) when a helium balloon is compressed from 5.0 L to 3.6 L with an initial pressure of 3.0 atm.
P2 ≈ 4.2 atm
## Footnote
Calculation: P2 = P1V1/V2 = 3.0 atm * 5.0 L / 3.6 L.
40
What is the aim of conducting an investigation on the effect of pressure on gas volume?
To explore the effect of pressure on gas volume.
41
Define Boyle's Law.
At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
42
What is Charles' Law?
At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin).
43
Convert 25°C to Kelvin.
298 K
## Footnote
Kelvin is calculated by adding 273 to the Celsius temperature.
44
What is the method design tip for investigating how temperature affects the volume of a gas?
Identify independent, dependent, and controlled variables.
45
What is speed defined as?
Speed is the rate at which an object moves in a straight line.
46
What is the formula for calculating speed?
Speed = Distance / Time
47
What are common units for speed?
* Meters per second (m/s)
* Kilometers per hour (km/h)
48
What is the aim of investigating how speed affects distance traveled?
To investigate how speed affects distance traveled.
49
What is a computer simulation?
A model that uses mathematical equations and data to reproduce the behavior of systems under various conditions.
50
What software models 410 million years of Earth's geological history?
GPlates
51
Who discovered DNA in 1868?
Friedrich Miescher
52
What is the structure of DNA composed of?
Repeating units called nucleotides.
53
What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to study DNA structure?
X-ray diffraction
54
What did Watson and Crick discover about DNA in 1953?
The double helix structure of DNA.
55
What is the impact of the discovery of DNA's structure?
* Understanding genetic information storage
* Insights into mutations and evolution
* Applications in genetics and medical advances
56
What is radioactivity?
The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or moving subatomic particles from unstable atomic nuclei.
57
Who discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911?
Ernest Rutherford
58
What did Rutherford's experiment reveal about atoms?
Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by mostly empty space.
59
What is the Standard Model of Particle Physics?
A theory that explains the interactions between subatomic particles and forces.
60
What is the function of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)?
To collide beams of particles to study subatomic interactions.
61
What is the significance of the Higgs boson?
It gives particles mass through interaction with the Higgs field.
62
What is light defined as?
A type of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye.
63
What is the law of reflection?
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
64
What is the purpose of a microscope?
To view very small objects by magnifying them.
65
Who invented the early microscope?
Robert Hooke
66
What occurs at perpendicular incidence of light on a medium boundary?
No refraction occurs.
67
What is the purpose of a microscope?
Used to view very small objects by magnifying them.
68
Who invented the early microscope and in what year?
Robert Hooke in 1665.
69
How do modern microscopes enhance image resolution?
Utilize advanced optical properties and EM waves.
70
What is the purpose of a telescope?
Designed to observe distant objects by magnifying their images.
71
What are the two types of telescopes?
* Reflecting Telescopes
* Refracting Telescopes
72
What impact have microscopes had on various fields?
Revolutionized medical science, environmental science, materials science, molecular biology, and forensics.
73
What insights have telescopes provided to astronomers?
Allowed analysis of data from various light and EM sources, understanding composition of celestial bodies, and measuring distances in space.
74
What is Nuclear Chemistry?
A sub-field of chemistry focusing on radioactivity and nuclear processes.
75
What does radioactivity involve?
Emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei as they decay.
76
Define half-life in the context of radioactive decay.
The time required for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.
77
What is the purpose of external radiotherapy?
Uses gamma rays directed at cancer cells.
78
What distinguishes an atomic bomb from a hydrogen bomb?
* Atomic Bombs: Use nuclear fission
* Hydrogen Bombs: Utilize nuclear fusion
79
What are the components of DNA?
* Nucleotides
* Phosphate group
* Sugar group
* Nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C)
80
Who proposed the double helix structure of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
81
What is genetic biotechnology?
Manipulation of an organism’s genome for medical, agricultural, or industrial purposes.
82
Define genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering.
83
What are the benefits of GMOs in agriculture?
* Increased crop yields
* Pest resistance
* Enhanced nutritional value
84
What is the definition of an earthquake?
The sudden shaking of the ground caused by movements in the Earth’s crust or volcanic activity.
85
What is Newton's First Law of Motion?
An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
86
How do base isolation systems work in earthquake-resistant technology?
Buildings are separated from their foundation, allowing independent movement.
87
What is the impact of earthquake-resistant technology?
* Life preservation
* Economic impact
* Cultural preservation
88
What does traditional knowledge of plants refer to?
Historical use of native plants for medicines and materials by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
89
What are some common uses of native plants by ATSI peoples?
* Shelters
* Rope and string
* Baskets
* Eel traps
90
What is bioharvesting native plants?
The process of collecting plants for use in food and medicines, informed by traditional knowledge.
91
Define validity in the context of experimental design.
Data is valid when accuracy and reliability are accounted for.
92
What is reliability in data collection?
Data is reliable if the same method can be repeated to obtain similar results.
93
What is the difference between random and systematic errors?
* Random Errors: Sudden changes in conditions
* Systematic Errors: Issues with equipment or calibration
94
What is a fact in scientific terms?
An observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and accepted as true.
95
What is a fallacy?
A false belief or cause of a false belief.
96
What is the purpose of control groups in experiments?
To determine if a particular treatment is effective.
97
What are double-blind trials used for?
To eliminate bias in medical trials.
98
What is the significance of a 95% confidence level?
It means that 95% of sample means from a population would fall within the upper and lower bounds of the confidence interval.
99
What are emotive-based claims in advertising?
Claims that rely on people's emotions rather than factual evidence.
100
What does efficacy refer to in product claims?
The ability of a product to produce intended results.
101
What is the role of organizations like ACCC?
To check the validity of claims made by advertisers.
102
How does selection bias occur?
When biased samples are chosen, leading to unreliable generalizations about populations.
103
What is the purpose of random sampling?
To reduce selection bias by selecting population members without researcher bias.
104
What is the impact of older buildings on anti-seismic technology?
Typically, anti-seismic technologies are applied to new constructions, not retrofitted to older buildings.
105
What is the purpose of a double-blind trial?
Eliminates bias and ensures that no one knows who is getting what.
106
What does a randomized double-blind trial with placebos aim to achieve?
Reduces bias and is considered the most valid design.
107
What is the difference between a placebo and the absence of treatment?
A placebo is designed to mimic treatment without the hypothesized ingredients or procedural steps.
108
What is a significant issue in scientific knowledge related to climate?
Scientific knowledge is misrepresented to fit the bias of the group (cherry picking).
109
What tools are used to collect quantitative data for predicting climate variations?
Satellite imagery and temperature/gas/water sensors placed globally.
110
What can stereotyping lead to in healthcare?
Delayed treatment due to preconceived ideas and inaccurate assessments.
111
What is the expectancy effect?
The biases of the researcher or individual that lead to inaccurate assessment of data.
112
What is survivor selection bias?
Bias that occurs when patients likely to live longer receive more treatments compared to those who die early.
113
How can social influence affect health remedies?
Celebrities may use media to convince the public to buy alternative remedies for health conditions.
114
What economic influence can affect scientific research?
Scientists may research topics based on sponsorships from companies, leading to biased findings.
115
What is a method of manipulating statistical data?
Changing the scale on the independent (X) axis of a graph.
116
What is sample bias in statistics?
When a representative sample of the population has not been obtained, favoring the most prevalent group.
117
How can data presentation influence interpretation?
Graphs can be misleading and influenced by the researcher's opinions.
118
What is the correlation coefficient?
A scale between +1.0 and -1.0 measuring the strength of the relationship between variables.
119
What does causation imply in a study?
A strong relationship does not automatically indicate causality between variables.
120
What is the Hawthorne effect?
When individuals alter their behavior due to being observed during an experiment.
121
What was the primary finding of the 1991 study on Hormone Replacement Therapy?
It was determined that HRT could prevent heart disease, but later studies indicated it increased the risk of CHD.
122
What was the conclusion of the Mozart Effect study?
Results were misinterpreted; improvements were short-lived and based on a low sample size.
123
What is the role of reputable sources in scientific accuracy?
Sources should be reliable and valid to ensure accurate reporting.
124
What is scientific validity?
Whether a secondary resource accurately provides information on a concept.
125
How has social media influenced scientific reporting?
Social media has surpassed traditional media in reporting scientific developments, enabling rapid misinformation spread.
126
What is the difference between scientific theory and casual use of 'theory'?
Scientific theory is a broad explanation supported by extensive evidence, while casual use refers to an idea or assumption.
127
What is a hypothesis?
A testable idea based on observation that may contribute evidence to theories.
128
What defines a scientific law?
Describes observations and relationships with mathematical support under specific conditions.
129
What is a common misconception about scientific laws?
Laws do not evolve from theories; they are separate entities based on empirical data.
130
What role does the media play in policy making?
Governments depend on the media for accurate information to inform decisions.
131
What is the impact of the tobacco industry on public health research?
The tobacco industry created uncertainty and confusion regarding the link between smoking and health issues.
132
What were the findings of Svante Arrhenius regarding carbon dioxide?
He recognized its role in influencing Earth's heat budget, initially thought to be beneficial.
133
What tactics did the fossil fuel industry use to undermine climate science?
Denial and lobbying to create uncertainty around scientific findings.
134
What pollutants are emitted by combustion engines?
Carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
135
What was the Volkswagen scandal?
VW cheated emissions tests, causing cars to emit over 40 times the legal limit of pollutants.
136
What health issues are associated with asbestos exposure?
Asbestosis and mesothelioma.
137
What industry cover-up occurred regarding asbestos?
The asbestos industry suppressed knowledge of its health risks despite early warnings.
138
What is the World Health Organization's aim regarding asbestos?
To end global asbestos use and promote safer alternatives.
139
What company exposed workers to asbestos without adequate protection?
James Hardie
## Footnote
James Hardie ceased asbestos production in 1987.
140
When did James Hardie begin labeling products with warnings about asbestos?
Late 1970s and 1980s
## Footnote
Many victims are still awaiting compensation.
141
What is a major issue with asbestos in buildings today?
Its removal is costly and complicated.
142
What does the World Health Organization aim to do regarding asbestos?
End global asbestos use and promote safer alternatives.
143
What is the halo effect?
A cognitive bias where overall impressions influence judgments about specific traits.
144
Who first described the halo effect?
Edward L. Thorndike in the 1920s.
145
How do advertisers use the halo effect?
Through celebrity endorsements and attractive marketing techniques.
146
What did the Federal Trade Commission find about Lumosity's claims?
The company lacked scientific evidence to support its claims.
147
What is a common misconception about brain training apps like Lumosity?
That they can prevent cognitive decline or dementia.
148
What is astrology based on?
The belief that celestial body positions influence personality and traits.
149
Why is astrology considered pseudoscience?
It lacks scientific validation and peer-reviewed support.
150
What is numerology?
The belief that numbers can predict or influence life events.
151
What is a common psychological phenomenon associated with numerology?
Confirmation bias.
152
What is iridology?
An alternative medicine practice examining the iris to diagnose health conditions.
153
Who developed foundational charts for iridology?
Ignatz Peczely in 1893.
154
What are some key criticisms of iridology?
Lacks empirical support and rigorous testing.
155
What was the main issue with Andrew Wakefield’s 1998 study?
It was methodologically flawed and had undisclosed conflicts of interest.
156
What were the consequences of Wakefield's claims about the MMR vaccine?
Decline in vaccination rates and outbreaks of diseases.
157
What does 'publish or perish' refer to in academia?
The pressure to publish research regularly to advance careers.
158
What can result from the pressure to publish in research?
Issues like small sample sizes and falsified results.
159
What was the initial claim made by Pons and Fleischmann in 1989?
They achieved cold fusion at room temperature.
160
What was the outcome of the cold fusion claims by Pons and Fleischmann?
The claims were widely discredited due to non-replicable data.
161
What is the purpose of peer review in scientific research?
To validate research by reducing errors and bias.
162
What are 'predatory journals'?
Journals that exploit researchers by charging fees without proper peer review.
163
What is a significant impact of predatory journals on science?
They damage public trust in scientific research.
164
What historical event is associated with the nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl?
1986, caused by human error.
165
What was Edward Jenner's contribution to vaccination?
He discovered that cowpox could provide immunity against smallpox.
166
What global health initiative successfully eradicated smallpox?
The World Health Organization's global vaccination program.
167
What disease did milkmaids provide immunity against?
Smallpox
## Footnote
The observation led to the development of the first vaccine.
168
What method did Jenner use to test immunity against smallpox?
Injected patients with pus from cowpox pustules.
169
What was the outcome of Jenner's vaccination method?
Patients did not contract smallpox after exposure.
170
When did the World Health Organization coordinate a global vaccination program?
1950s Onward.
171
What was the significant outcome of the global vaccination program?
Successful eradication of smallpox.
172
Where are the last smallpox virus samples stored?
High-security labs in Russia and the US.
173
What current vaccination programs are offered to Australian Year 7 students?
HPV, Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis.
174
What significant milestone in aviation history did the Wright Brothers achieve?
First sustained motorized flight.
175
What must exceed for an airplane to achieve flight?
Thrust must exceed drag.
176
What is the Bernoulli effect?
The wing shape creates high pressure below and low pressure above, generating lift.
177
What historical events spurred government-funded flight research?
World Wars and the Cold War.
178
What are some positives of flight on society?
* Enhanced economic opportunities
* Accessibility
* Created numerous jobs
* Technological advances
179
What are some negatives of aviation?
* Airports require large amounts of land
* Pollution
* Resource intensive
180
What are the purposes of building dams?
Create artificial reservoirs for various uses.
181
What are some positive aspects of dams?
* Provides water supply
* Generates hydropower
* Flood control
* Drought management
182
What are some negative aspects of dams?
* Communities may be displaced
* Siltation
* Alters water ecosystems
* Risk of catastrophic failure
183
What is genetic modification?
A process where the gene/s of an organism are altered to achieve a desired outcome.
184
What are sex cells also known as?
Gametes or germ cells.
185
What is the Australian council that prohibits human genetic cloning?
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).
186
What penalties are associated with non-compliance of the Australian code?
Fines and exclusion from research for several years.
187
What is the difference between germline and somatic cell therapy?
Germline affects future generations, while somatic is temporary.
188
What scandal involved gene modification in China?
CRISPR baby scandal where twins were modified without ethical procedures.
189
Can informed consent be given in genetic manipulation?
Yes, but it raises ethical concerns.
190
What are some potential negative consequences of genetic manipulation?
* Economic and social inequalities
* Increase in discrimination
* Unintended consequences
191
What is the purpose of the Convention on the Rights of a Child?
To ensure every child has the right to a nationality and care from their parents.
192
What significant investment comparison is made regarding space exploration?
US spent $25.8 billion on Apollo missions but $212 billion per year on welfare.
193
What technologies have developed from space exploration?
* CAT scans
* MRI machines
* Virtual reality technology
194
What are antimicrobials used for?
To treat microbial infections.
195
What are the benefits of antimicrobials to society?
* Save lives
* Reduce infant mortality rates
* Increase life expectancy
196
What is a surgical advantage of keyhole surgery?
Reduces pain and recovery time.
197
What is a disadvantage of cataract surgery?
Risk of infection and potential permanent vision loss.
198
What is a benefit of water purification systems?
Reduces waterborne diseases.
199
How are vaccines administered?
* Intramuscular (IM) injections
* Subcutaneous (SC) injections
200
What do vaccines prepare the body to do?
Fight disease without exposing it to symptoms.
201
What is the importance of funding in scientific research?
Necessary for ongoing work and progress.
202
What can bias in research funding lead to?
Potential conflicts of interest.
203
What are some advantages of government funding for research?
* Non-biased
* Objective research
204
What are some disadvantages of government research funding?
* Fixed amount of money
* Limited time for funding
205
What are some measures indigenous people in Australia are taking to protect their knowledge?
Forming councils to negotiate on behalf of their communities.
206
How can multicultural perspectives influence scientific research in diet?
Gaining knowledge from various cultures can improve public access to nutritious foods.
207
What is one advantage of a multicultural diet?
Increased availability of diverse foods.
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