Science (Nutrients)

Question 1

6 basic food ingredients

1. What 4 basic food ingredients are macronutrients?
2. The other 2 basic food ingredients are micronutrients, what are they?

Answer 1

1. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water

2. Vitamins, minerals

Question 2

1. Macromolecules are _______ biological molecules.

2. What are they made up of?

Answer 2

1. Large

2. Polymers and monomers

Question 3

What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

Answer 3

A polymer is a unit composed of many monomers, and a monomer is a single molecule

Question 4

1. What do carbohydrates provide?

2. What do carbohydrates contain?

Answer 4

1. Most of the body’s energy

2. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 5

1. If there is only one sugar molecule it is known as a ________.
2. If there are two it is a ____________.
3. When there are a whole bunch, it is a __________.

Answer 5

1. Monosaccharide
2. Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharide

Question 6

1. What does monosaccharide mean?
2. It is absorbed directly…and converted into…
3. Glucose is made from _________.
4. Fructose is found in _______.

Answer 6

1. One sugar
2. Into the bloodstream…glucose
3. Plants
4. Fruit

Question 7

1. What is a disaccharide?
2. What must first happen before it can be used as energy?
3. What is the structure of maltose?
4. What is the most common disaccharide and what is its structure?

Answer 7

1. 2 monosaccharides bonded together
2. Must be converted into monosaccharides before they can be used as energy
3. Glucose + glucose
4. Sucrose = fructose + glucose

Question 8

What are the two important polysaccharides from plants?

Answer 8

Starch and cellulose

Question 9

1. Where is starch stored?

2. What is it broken down into?

Answer 9

1. Plants

2. Glucose

Question 10

1. Where is cellulose stored?
2. Cellulose is _________.
3. What does it provide?
4. Another form of cellulose is called _____ and can be found in the shells of…

Answer 10

1. In plants
2. Indigestible
3. Fiber
4. Chitin and can be found in the shells of crustaceans and shellfis

Question 11

1. What is the function of proteins?
2. What is a polypeptide?
3. What is a protein made up of?

Answer 11

1. Helps the body to grow and repair tissues
2. A bunch of amino acids stuck together
3. A bunch of polypeptides

Question 12

1. What do dietary proteins supply and what are they used as?
2. The body uses about _________ to build proteins in the body.
3. The body makes about _____ (non-essential amino acids). Remaining __ must be provided by diet (_______ amino acids)

Answer 12

1. Amino acids which are used to produce enzymes and structural proteins
2. 21 amino acids
3. 12 amino acids…9…essential

Question 13

When are proteins a source of energy?

Answer 13

Only when carbohydrates and fats are severely restricted

Question 14

1. What do lipids serve as?

2. What does it protect and provide?

Answer 14

1. Source of energy

2. Protects organs and provides insulation

Question 15

What is the structure of a lipid?

Answer 15

Triglycerides (type of lipid) contains one glycerol molecule and 3 long fatty acids

Question 16

1. What can triglycerides be classified as?
2. What is a “straight” fatty acid?
3. What is a “kinked” fatty acid?

Answer 16

1. Saturated and unsaturated fats
2. Saturated fat
3. Unsaturated fat

Question 17

1. A saturated fat can tightly pack itself onto one another and result in a ____ at room temperature.
2. A diet rich in saturated fats is believed to cause ____.
3. An unsaturated fat is kinked and cannot pack itself onto another molecule resulting in it being a ____ at room temperature.

Answer 17

1. Solid
2. Heart disease
3. Liquid

Question 18

1. How are trans fats made?

2. What do trans fats do?

Answer 18

1. By adding hydrogen and a high amount of pressure to vegetable oil
2. Fat is created and it clogs arteries and eats up good cholesterol

Question 19

What are the two categories that vitamins fit into?

Answer 19

Water soluble or fat soluble

Question 20

1. What are the two groups minerals fit into?
2. What’s the difference between those two groups?
3. What are mineral salts necessary for?
4. What are the two mineral salts often lost through sweating during exercise and can be replaced by drinking/eating?

Answer 20

1. Trace minerals and major minerals
2. Trace minerals = needed in small quantity. Major minerals = required in greater quantity
3. Functions as nerve function and muscle contraction
4. Sodium and potassium

Question 21

1. What is scurvy?
2. What is vitamin C required for?
3. What is vitamin C?
4. What does scurvy lead to?

Answer 21

1. Deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin C
2. Required for correct collagen synthesis in humans
3. Ascorbic acid is vitamin C
4. Formation of liver spots on skin, spongy gums, bleeding from all mucous membranes

Question 22

Rickets

1. What is vitamin D required for?
2. What is caused by the absence of vitamin D?

Answer 22

1. Proper calcium absorption from the gut
2. Dietary calcium is not properly absorbed, resulting in hypocalcemia, leading to skeletal and dental deformities and neuromuscular symptoms

Question 23

Water accounts for over ____ your body weight and makes up over ____ of the fluid part of the body.

Answer 23

Half, 90%

Question 24

What are water’s 4 main functions?

Answer 24

1. Homeostasis
2. Helps carry nutrients to body tissues
3. Helps carry waste products from tissues
4. Participates in chemical reaction